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Exclusive to CounterPunch Newsletter Subscribers!

Why Hillary Clinton Has Always Been a Republican

In the first of a series of profiles, Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair chart the formative years of Hillary Clinton. Watch her as she zigzags from Nixon campaigner and vote-fraud investigator in 1960 to Goldwater Girl and President of Young Republicans at Wellesley to her internship for Gerald Ford and campaigner for Nelson Rockefeller. Witness her reaction to the student protests at Yale and the demonstrations at Grant Park during the Democratic Convention in 1968. Learn how she and Bill vowed to "remake" the Democratic Party--using the Nixon model HRC learned about as a member of the House impeachment staff. And much more! Plus: David Price on anthropologist Andre Gunder Frank, the FBI and the Bureaucratic Exile of a Critical Mind.

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"Imperial Crusades: a Diary of Three Wars" by Cockburn and St. Clair

Today's Stories

July 14 / 15. 2007

Ralph Nader
Lawlessness, Waste and Incompetence

July 13, 2007

Patrick Cockburn
The Decider in Denial

Winslow T. Wheeler
Bush's Iraq Benchmarks Assessment: Grading on a Curve for the Wrong Test

Imran Khan
When Dictators Serve US Interests

Todd Chretien
The Wal-Mart of Garbage

Sam Husseini
Killing the Constitution

Dr. Herman Mindshaftgap
Why, in Truth, There is No Surge

Anthony Papa
The Hard Road Home

D. K. Wilson
The Wonderful World of Mike Greenberg and Barry Bonds

David Michael Green
In the Last Throes, Judiciously

Website of the Day
Strange Attraction: Mrs. Thompson and Mr. Wolfowitz

 

July 12, 2007

Paul Craig Roberts
Restoring the People's Power

Robert Jensen
Lessons from the Lal Masjid Tragedy

Dr. Susan Block
Hookergate II: The Senator and the Veep

Joshua Frank
The Liberal Thrashing of Ward Churchill

John Chuckman
How Terror Lost Its Meaning

Corporate Crime Reporter
The Problem with Bribeline

Mike Whitney
Demonizing Putin

Nicola Nasser
Will New Delhi's Palestinian Policy be Neutralized?

Richard Rhames
Requiem for the Paxilated

William S. Lind
Not Fourth Generation Warfare

Website of the Day
Video: World's Largest Nuclear Explosion

 

 

July 11, 2007

Patrick Cockburn
The Benchmark Blame Game

Richard Neville
Is This Man a Psychopath? Bomber McNeill, the Faceless Pol Pot of the Sky

Debra McNutt
Privatizing Women: Military Prostitution and the Iraq Occupation

John V. Walsh
A Plea to Ralph Nader

Scott Liebertz
Where's the Outcry? Mexico's Monitor Radio vs. RCTV

George C. Wilson
Beware the Iran Hawks

James McEnteer
My Impossible Dream Candidate

Philip Rizk
Submission or Resistance in Gaza?

Johnny Hazard
Mexico Commemorates a Fraud

Dave Lindorff
On the Road with Impeachment

Website of the Day
Sly Stone's Higher Power

 

July 10, 2007

James Ridgeway
True North: Big Oil in the Arctic

Tariq Ali
New Clashes in Islamabad: Judges and Jihadis Torment the Regime

Javed Hussein
Pakistan's Waco?: The Storming of the Red Mosque

William Blum
Neocons, Theocons, Demcons, Excons and Future Cons

Ralph Nader
Grown in China

Jay Arena
New Orleans, Public Housing and the Non-Profit Industrial Complex

Anthony DiMaggio
A Begrudging Reversal: The New York Times and the "Anti-War" Turn

Eva Liddell
Has Ann Coulter Got the Hots for John Edwards?

Jerry Kroth
Democratic Defectors and the Israel Lobby

Alice Woodward
White Supremacy and the Jena Six

Nikolas Kozloff
Where's Jerry?: On Cheney Impeachment, Rep. Nadler's a No Show

Paul Shannon
It's Time to Reform Sex Offender Laws

Website of the Day
March for Remembrance

 

July 9, 2007

Fidel Castro
The Killing Machine: Reflections from a Target of the CIA

Diana Johnstone
King Sarko the First

John Walsh
Will the Greens Seize the Moment?

Uri Avnery
The Jordanian Option

Ramzy Baroud
The Palestinian Left: a Lost Opportunity?

John Ripton
The New West Bank Palestinian State

Stephen Lendman
Making Gaza Scream

Bruce Jackson
Bush Going Down: the Correct Way to Affix a Stamp

Michael Donnelly
What's the Matter with Winchester?

Doug Giebel
Wanted: Old Men with Nothing to Lose

Website of the Day
Ron Paul on This Week with George

 


July 7 / 8, 2007

Saul Landau
Blame the Puppet

Ismael Hossein-zadeh
Parasitic Imperialism

Fawzia Afzal-Khan
What Lies Beneath: Dispatches from the Frontlines of t he Burqa Brigade

Alan Maass
Will "Sicko" Spark a Movement?: a Film, Militant Nurses and a New Opportunity for Single Payer Health Care

John Ross
The Fire Last Time

Pat Williams
The Supreme Court and Mr. Peanut

Rannie Amiri
The Unbreakable Mordechai Vanunu

Farzana Versey
Does the Taj Mahal Deserve to be a Wonder of the World?

Bart Gruzalski
Bush, the Revolution and the Iraq War

Paul Rockwell
An Army of None

Reza Fiyouzat
Tax Cuts for the Rich Only Benefit the Economy of the Rich

Monica Benderman
Americans, Honestly!

Kenneth Couesbouc
Total War: From Clausewitz to Clinton and Bush

Dave Lindorff
Poll: Impeach the Bastards

Charles Modiano
History's Hit Job on Thomas Paine

Missy Beattie
King Cretin

Dal LaMagna
A Peacemaker's View of Baghdad

Jean Gerard
Those So-Called Oil Contracts in Iraq

Anne Dachel
Autism: an Epidemic of Fairly Recent Origin

Ron Jacobs
Modes and Melodies of Resistance

Poets' Basement
Gibbons, Orloski, Engel and Buknatski

Website of the Day
Van Morrison and Bob Dylan in Athens


July 6, 2007

Daniel Ellsberg
When the Crimes of the White House are Unpunishable

Gary Leupp
The Cracks in Cheney's World

Harvey Wasserman
Leonard Peltier vs. Scooter Libby: the Hero and the Henchman

Omer Subhani
Our Dead are Not the Same: Ignoring Civilian Deaths in Afghanistan

Marjorie Cohn
Compassion, Conspiracy and Commutation

Christopher Brauchli
Kingly Edicts: Bush's Executive Orders

David Michael Green
Scalia Time: the Wrecking Ball Court

China Hand
Catfish Blues: Food Safety, the FDA and the Emerging Trade War with China

Renee Saucedo
and Todd Chretien
The New Challenges Facing the Immigrant Rights Movement

Corporate Crime Reporter
The Crime Wave Behind the Media Curtain

Website of the Day
Jean Bricmont on the Humanitarian Interveners

 

July 5, 2007

Andy Worthington
Two Americas, Both Unjust: Scooter Libby vs. the "Enemy Combatants"

Mike Stark
Double Standards of North Carolina "Justice"

Norman Solomon
The Keyboard Hawks: a Bloody Media Mirror

Michael Schwartz
Killing 10,000 Iraqis Every Month

Susie Day
Killer Lesbians Mauled by Killer Court (and Media Wolfpack)

Jacob Hornberger
A Tangled Web of Lies: Bush and the Libby Case

Bill Hatch
Smoking with Arnold: The Strange Return of Toxic Mary Nichols

Don Fitz
When Building Green Ain't So Green

John Wright
The Crisis of Imperialism

Website of the Day
Anti-Flag and Tom Morello: "This Land is Your Land"

 

July 4, 2007

St. Clair / Frank
Obama's Nuclear Ambitions

Vijay Prashad
Democrat (Punjab): Obama and Outsourcing

Carl G. Estabrook
The Declaration of Independence and the Right to Exist

Ron Jacobs
Texas Wants to Kill Another Man, the Law be Damned: the Disturbing Case of Kenneth Foster

David R. Dow
The Quality of Bush's Mercy: the Ghosts of Texas

Claudia Johnson
Is My Doctor a Terrorist?

William S. Lind
What Israel's Defeat in Lebanon Means for Defense Industry Fat Cats

Gregory Afghani
Truth and Tenure: Finkelstein and the Perils of Impeccable Scholarship

Paul Edwards
End It Now!

D. K. Wilson
The Sliming of Tank Johnson

Niranjan Ramakrishnan
Thank You, Mr. President: Bush/Cheney for Dummies

Thomas Jefferson
The Spirit of Resistance: Lethargy is the Forerunner of the Death of Public Liberty

Cindy Sheehan
Call Out the Instigator

Website of the Day
Springsteen: 4th of July, Ashbury Park


July 3, 2007

Bill Quigley
Injustice in Jena: Black Nooses Hanging from the "White" Tree

Gary Leupp
Civil Strife in Palestine: a Broader Context

Lynda Brayer
Norman Finkelstein and the Catholic Church

Richard Thieme
Mind Wars: Brain Research, Nanotech and the Military

Helen Redmond
They Don't Come Back the Same: the Mind of the Returning Iraq War Vet

David Swanson
Scooter and the Commuter: When Presidents Pardon Their Own Crimes

Jacob Hornberger
Martha Stewart vs. Scooter Libby: Commutation as Cover-Up

Ayesha Ijaz Khan
Pakistan's New Jihad

Franklin Lamb
The Edginess of Lebanon

Ray McGovern
Unimpeachably Impeachable: Start with Cheney

Kevin Zeese
The Air Force vs. Rev. Lennox Yearwood

Dave Lindorff
Nancy Pelosi and the Low Bar Democrats

Website of the Day
A Military Guide to the Iraq War


July 2, 2007

Andy Worthington
The Guantánamo Whistleblowers

Nina Serrano
The Assassination of a Poet: Memories of Roque Dalton

Jack Hirschman
The Nation and the Assassin: a Shameful Blunder

Paul Craig Roberts
Enter Turkey

Bill Williams
The Commissar Two-Step at DePaul

Anthony Papa
A Taste of the Gulag: What Paris Learned

Sonja Karkar
Who Will Save Palestine?

Louay Safi
Steve Emerson's Fantastic Obsession

Anthony Gregory
When Killer Cops Walk

Monica Benderman
In Consideration of War

Website of the Day
Dylan's Masters of War, at West Point, 1990

 

June 30 / July 1, 2007

John Ross
Free Frida Kahlo!

Alan Farago
Fakery, Inflation and the Housing Market

Peter Quinn
The Political Paranoia Over Immigration: Two Centuries and Counting

Christopher Brauchli
Cheney Does the Constitution

Robert Fisk
Abu Henry and the Mysterious Silence

Uri Avnery
A Dark Summit

Judith Siers-Poisson
The Politics and PR of Cervical Cancer

Saul Landau
Israel is Bad for Jewish Ethics

Abbas Zaidi
The Ad Hominem World of Pakistan Politics

Ron Jacobs
Ending the War, Organizing for Change

Ralph Nader
Move Over Oprah: a Summer Reading List

Donald Worster
Which City is Worse Off Today, New York or New Orleans?

Mike Whitney
The Fed's Role in the Bear Stearns Meltdown

Jacob Hill
Fast Track to Trade Failure

Kenneth Couesbouc
Why Global Trade is Rarely Fair

Missy Beattie
Kakistocracy

Mohammad Kamaali
Envoy for the Quartet

Ramzy Baroud
Finding Lessons in Gaza's Bloodshed

Leonard Peltier
A Gathering at Oglala

Phyllis Pollack
Seven Hours of Banging with the Stones

Poets' Basement
Reed, Orloski and Buknatski

Website of the Weekend
A Podcast Interview with Cpt. Ward Boston on the USS Liberty

 

June 29, 2007

St. Clair / Frank
Toward a New Environmental Movement

Brian Cloughley
Losing the War in Afghanistan: One Civilian Massacre at a Time

Patrick Cockburn
End the Occupation: an Open Letter to Gordon Brown

Gilad Atzmon
The Peace Envoy: Tony Blair on Work Release

Dave Lindorff
Subpoenas, Executive Privilege and Liberal Pipedreams

Jennifer Matsui /
Carl Kandutsch

Electric Larryland

Kevin Zeese
A Different Kind of Peace Candidate

Daniel Klimek
Fasting for Justice at DePaul

David Michael Green
The Founding Fathers Never Met Dick Cheney

John Chuckman
The London Car Bomb

Website of the Day
BAM!

 

June 28, 2007

Bill Quigley
How to Destroy an African American City in 33 Steps

Vijay Prashad
Once More on the New York Times

Margaret Kimberley
The Whitening of Marianne Pearl: When White Actors Play Black Characters

Winslow T. Wheeler
House of Pork: Changing Lightbulbs in the Democrats' Bordello

Philip Rizk
The Failing of Gaza

D. K. Wilson
The Black Villains Club

Bill Williams
Strange Calculus at DePaul

Mahmoud El-Yousseph
The Deportation of Yardlin Jimenez

Richard Rhames
The Liberation of Paris

Paul Krassner
Bong Hits for Repression: the Giant Sucking Sound of the Supreme Court

Website of the Day
Free Lightnin' Hopkins

 


June 27, 2007

Marjorie Cohn
Targeting Dissent: FBI Spying on the National Lawyers Guild

Dr. Susan Rosenthal, MD
Sick and Sicker: Two Models of Health Care Rationing

Alan Farago
Bush and the Everglades: Rebranding Failure as Success

Carla Blank
"America, the Beautiful": the Queen, Jamestown and the Eye of the Beholder

Matthew Abraham
The Smearing of Robert Trivers, Dershowitz-Style

Sunsara Taylor
The Deadly Consequences of Compromise: Abortion Rights Under Assault, Where's the Women's Movement?

Russell D. Hoffman
16 Dirty Secrets About Nuclear Power

Robert Weissman
Blackstone and Capital's Grand Scam

Sen. Russ Feingold
Secrecy and the Federal Death Penalty

Paul Buchheit
The Footprints of Democracies

Website of the Day
Anarchy for the USA: an Interview with Josh Wolf

 

June 26, 2007

Jonathan Cook
Divide and Rule, Israeli-Style

Ralph Nader
Sicko and the Politics of Health Care

Corporate Crime Reporter
Which Side Are You On, Michael Moore?

Ron Jacobs
Are the Neocons Really Going?

Martha Rosenberg
Mad Cow in God's Country

John Chuckman
China's New Weapons

Denny Haldeman
Ethanolics Anonymous

Anthony DiMaggio
Free Speech Hypocrisy at the Supreme Court

Stephen Fleischman
The Tightrope Economy

William S. Lind
Legitimacy, Toujours Legitimacy

Website of the Day
The CIA's Family Jewels

 


June 25, 2007

Paul Craig Roberts
Goodbye to the City on the Hill

Jennifer Loewenstein
The Triumph of US / Israeli Policy in Palestine

Bob Anderson
The Grooming of Bill Richardson: New Mexico's Nuclear Governor

Robert Pollin
The Realities of Microlending

Patrick Cockburn
Chemical Ali Faces the Hangman: the Life and Crimes of al-Majid

Eva Liddell
Why They Want to Fire Ward Churchill

Dan Bacher
Democrats and the School of the Americas: 42 House Democrats Back Torture Academy

Larry Atkins
The Case of the Judge and the $54 Million Pair of Pants: an Embarrassment, Not an Argument for Tort Reform

Mark Brenner
SEIU Ends Nursing Home Partnership

James Rothenberg
Hillary Does Iraq

Website of the Day
"A Long Train of Abuses"

June 23 / 24, 2007

Alexander Cockburn
Zyklon B on the US Border

Jeff Taylor
The Foreign Policy of Barack Obama

Oren Ben-Dor
Israeli Apartheid is the Core of the Crisis in Gaza

Gary Leupp
In Defense of Academic Freedom: the Ward Churchill Case

Robert Fisk
The Bumbling Envoy

David Rosen
The Hidden Cost of War: Genital Injuries, Prosthetic Devices and the War on Terror

Russell Mokhiber
Ins and Outs for 2008: Up with Spoilers!

Alison Weir
USA Today and the USS Liberty

Robert Fantina
The Floundering Congress

D. K. Wilson
Of Gangstas and Spearchuckers, Sex and Zulus

Nicole Colson
Litigating Gitmo

Stephen Soldz, Steven Reisner and Brad Olson
Torture, Psychologists and Colonel James

Dave Lindorff
Exodus of the Puppets: Bush's Incredible Shrinking Coalition

Benjamin Dangl
Cerámica de Cuyo: a Profile of Worker Control in Argentina

Michael Dickinson
The Catholicization of Tony

Poets' Basement
Davies, Engel, Gerard and Orloski

Website of the Weekend
Incarcerex: a Drug War Video

 

June 22, 2007

Andy Worthington
A Tunisian in Gitmo: the Story of Prisoner 660

Sherwood Ross
Corporate America's Deadliest Secret: the Big Profits in Biowarfare Research

Eliana Monteforte
The Torture Academy

Robert Weissman
Things Can Be Different

Richard Rhames
Farmer Preservation

Christopher Brauchli
Bush and the Uighurs: an Encounter in Albania

Ramzy Baroud
Chronicle of a Chaos Foretold

Ehud Krinis, David Shulman and Neve Gordon
Facing an Imminent Threat of Expulsion: Palestinians in S. Hebron Hills Need Your Help!

David Michael Green
If Reid Were Rove

Kathryn Webber
Boycotting DePaul

Website of the Day
Stop Me Before I Vote Again!

 

June 21, 2007

Peter Linebaugh
The Day of the Rope

Natsu Saito
The Regents and Ward Churchill: Now is the Time to Speak Out

Ron Jacobs
The Intimidation of a Vet

Saree Makdisi
The West Chooses Fatah, But Palestinians Don't

John Stauber
Blessed Unrest: an Interview with Paul Hawken

Scott Liebertz
Fox News and Venezuela: an Analysis of How the Network Deliberately Misinforms Its Viewers

Tom Clifford
The Ghost Prisoners

Robert Jensen
The Last Sunday?

Michael J. Smith
Who Among Us Will Step Up to Destroy the Democratic Party?

Jeb Sprague
Pain at the Pump in Haiti

Website of the Day
Dion: Hey Paris


June 20, 2007

Omar Barghouti
A Secular-Democratic State Solution

Andy Worthington
Repatriated to Torture

Margaret Kimberley
Supreme Injustices: the Bush Court

Robert Weissman
Sicko, Part One: the Human Tragedy

Russell D. Hoffman
Time to Choose: Meltdowns or Solar Power?

Rannie Amiri
Mideast Alight

Stephen Lendman
The New York Times vs. Hugo Chavez

Dave Lindorff
Democratic Disconnect

David Swanson
Booing Hillary: Platitudes from the Drone Machine

Anne Dachel
Autism & Vaccines: Why are They Afraid to Look?

Website of the Day
Revolution By the Book

 

June 19, 2007

Ralph Nader
Hillary's Stock and Trade: the NAFTA Two-Step

Dr. Shepherd Bliss
Torture's Long Reach

Bill and Kathleen Christison
Demostrating Against the Catholic Church in Santa Fe

Jeff Leys
Swarming Congress: Building a Resistance to the 2008 Iraq War Supplemental Funding Bill

Dave Zirin
The Unforgiven: Barry Bonds and Jack Johnson

Chris Floyd
Hitchens Takes a Roll in the Hay

Ben Terrall
Iraq Union Leaders Speak Out Against the Occupation

Anthony Papa
Veronica's Story: a Dying Wish to Governor Spitzer

VIPS
Countering Terrorism: How Not to Do It

Linda Flores
Criminalizing the Classroom

Website of the Day
Sign On to the Iraq Moratorium


June 18, 2007

John Ross
The Annexation of Mexico

Paul Craig Roberts
The Reign of the Tyrants is at Hand

Martha Rosenberg
Let Cheney at Him: Richardson the Oryx Hunter

Norman Solomon
War at the Remote

Don Santina
Memo to the Queen: Bobby Sands Died for Your Sins

Isabella Kenfield
Landless Rural Workers Confront Lula

James Brooks
America's Guilty Silence

Eva Liddell
Planning to Lose: Democratic Stratagems

Sam Husseini
Clinton Health Care Scam Revisited

Akiva Eldar
Ariel Sharon's Dream

Website of the Day
Frank Zappa: the Cop Interview

 


June 16 / 17, 2007

Alexander Cockburn
The Psychopathology of Shrinks

John Halle
Finkelstein and "The Progressive"

Robert Fisk
Welcome to "Palestine"

Andy Worthington
Return to Torture?

Uri Avnery
The Gaza Cage

Fred Gardner
Paris Hilton's Punishment: a False Parable

Saul Landau
Our Gang of Thugs: The 1970s as a Context for Terrorist Violence

P. Sainath
Heaven Can Wait: Creditors and the Widows of Vidharbha

Missy Comley Beattie
Calling Evil Its Name

Alan Gregory
When ADM Comes to Town: Killer Tax Breaks for Wildlife Destruction

Walter Brasch
Bush and the Philosophy of Swiss Cheese

Website of the Weekend
Obama Girl

 

June 15, 2007

Alan Farago
View from the Construction Crane: Sex, Taxes and Real Estate Scams in Miami

Andy Worthington
The Ordeal of Ali al--Marri

Michael Simmons
Terrorizing Artists in the USA

Franklin Lamb
Blowback Across Lebanon: The Failed Sunni Army Solution

Gary Leupp
The Day After We Attack Iran

John Ross
Ballot Burning Time in Ol' Mexico

Website of the Day
The American Rationalist

 

June 14, 2007

Michael Donnelly
Charred SUVs and the End of Citizen Eco--Activism

Faisal Kutty
Scare Canada: The No--Fly List's False Sense of Security

Harry Browne
Ireland's Green Party Sells Out

Charles Jonkel
From the Arctic to Yellowstone: Bears in a World of Indifference

Steven Higgs
Murder in a Small Town: "Gay Panic" in Indiana?

Bruce Dixon
Black Power Through Low Power Radio

Bruce K. Gagnon
What Do We Do Now? A 10--Step Plan for Antiwar Activists

Website of the Day
Finkelgate

June 13, 2007

Glen Ford
Obama's Siren Song

Marjorie Cohn
Repression in Oaxaca

Bill Christison
A Grave Injustice at DePaul University

Charles Jonkel
Bears in a World of Indifference

Silvia Cattori
"I Was Not Prepared for the Horrors I Saw": an Interview with Hedy Epstein

Richard Gott
Racism and TV in Venezuela

Firmin DeBrabander
How the Neocons Misread Machiavelli

William S. Lind
The Perfect (Sine) Wave: Bombing Railroad Stations in Iraq

Keith Rosenthal
Workers Score a Victory at Harvard

Website of the Day
GOP and Monty Python Explain: "Enhanced Interrogation Techniques"

June 12, 2007

Jeffrey St. Clair
How to Sell a War

Paul Craig Roberts
The Neocon Threat to American Freedom

P. Sainath
India's Plutocrats and the Press

Ralph Nader
The Biggest Scam in the World

Omar Waraich
A Black Day for Pakistan's Press

Dave Lindorff
Things Your Media Momma Didn't Tell You

Harvey Wasserman
Confessions of an Anti-Nuke Jerk

Malini Johar Schueller
It Takes a Bomb

Ramzy Baroud
War Foretold: Mark Twain and the Sins of Empire

Website of the Day
Palestinian Chronicle Needs Our Help!

 

June 11, 2007

Patrick Cockburn
The War on Journalists

Paul Craig Roberts
Losing the Economy to Mythology

Uri Avnery
40 Bad Years: the Rot of Occupation

Norman Solomon
The Silence of the Bombs

Eva Liddell
Paris Hilton Doesn't Do Dishes: How Barbie Stood Up to Allen Ginsberg

Rannie Amiri
Groundhog Day in Pakistan

Rachel Voss
Poetry and Politics in Nassau County

Christopher Brauchli
A Wild West Tale, Starring Rev. Dobson and Bill O'Reilly

D. K. Wilson
Untangling Michael Vick from the Dogs

Website of the Day
Paris, Mixed Up


 

 

Subscribe Online

Bastille Day Weekend Edition
July 14 / 15, 2007

Communities of Love

On Thomas More's Utopia

By KENNETH REXROTH

Written in 1964.

It has certainly taken a long time but Christians are slowly coming to realize that their religion, even when considered only a system of social ethics, is utterly incompatible with modern civilization. Catholic aggiornamento must be understood as the onerous and complicated struggle of the Church to free itself from unholy alliances and to return to the evangelical person of Christ and start over. This has led to a new emphasis on the theology of the Apostolic Age and the early Fathers of the Church in Alexandria and Asia Minor. This was a period before Constantine when Christianity was still a subversive creed offering its own social ethic in complete opposition to Imperial Rome.

There was a similar movement amongst the Humanists of the early sixteenth century, contemporary with the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation. They attempted to develop a social philosophy based on the Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, Clement of Alexandria, John of Damascus and similar thinkers. Its basic concept was the establishment of a community of love encompassing all of society and having as its final end the divinization of the world. These words are John Damascene's. They are also Teilhard de Chardin's. They are also Karl Rahner's. They are also St. Thomas More's.

This is the basic reason for the tremendous revival of interest in More today. Yale University is issuing a critical edition of his complete works. Accompanying it will be a popular edition of selected works in translation. Edward Surtz, S.J., and J.H. Hexter are editors of the Utopia in the complete works and the separate paperback editions by both Surtz and Hexter respectively together constitute the best text and the best introduction to it there have ever been. One of the most extraordinary things about the Utopia is the immense literature which has developed since the rise of our civilization founded upon covetousness to explain the book away.

Pro-capitalist churchmen have dismissed the moneyless communism of the Utopia as just another of More's witticisms, and attempted to prove that his slashing criticisms of sixteenth-century society were motivated by a scholastic defense of monasticism. Socialists, on the other hand, have dismissed his attempt to construct a society in which covetousness, pride, sloth and anger were inhibited to the greatest degree compatible with an organic social flexibility. To them such ideas have been just the reflection of the poverty of the pre-capitalist mode of production. They have seen his communism and his emphasis upon education, creative work and technology as an attempt to escape from this into a communist society with the unlimited satisfaction of human appetites as its highest goal. Since they cancel each other out, both arguments are obviously false.

J.H. Hexter and Father Surtz have been leaders in the movement in More studies which has insisted that St. Thomas More meant what he said. Since they are themselves profound students of More's sources in the pre-Constantinian past and amongst the pre-Reformation and pre-Counter-Reformation Christian Humanists who were his contemporaries and immediate predecessors, they are able to speak with completely cogent authority. More's book, as Gibbon says of Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy, "a golden book worthy of the leisure of Cicero or Plato," and in fact surpassing either, has provided all languages with a common noun which means an idyllic society of social peace, justice and abundance inherently impossible of achievement. Marx and Engels constantly contrasted "Scientific Socialism," their own kind, with all others: "Utopian Socialisms." What they meant was that all other Socialist thinkers have undertaken schemes for the basic reconstruction of society for ultimately moral reasons, while their Socialism had accepted from classical economics an idea ultimately derived from Newtonian physics, that a society which released the maximum number of individual social evils would result in the greatest possible common good.

Whether Adam Smith, Ricardo, Bentham or Mill, classical political economy was a pseudo-science of human relationships emptied of moral content, and so today its descendants, whether Marxist Communism or Capitalist Democracy, are founded upon amoral assumptions. But there are no such things as amoral societies. A value-neuter philosophy or science of man is a contradiction in terms. Therefore a society guided by value-neuter principles and amoral in the assumptions which underlie the action of its social mechanisms simply becomes ever-increasingly immoral until the acceleration of the destruction of human values drives its best minds from it in dismay. This is More's argument in his criticism of sixteenth-century Europe, and of course it is also the argument of artists, writers, philosophers, even economists, on both sides of the Iron Curtain today. It is also the argument of Christianity, even at its most institutionalized and compromised, but it is an ever-mounting experiential, existential realization in the very guts of the most articulate Christian leadership.

This is the relevance of More. He is one of the very few thinkers ever to try to construct a model of a community of love while recognizing the fragility and recalcitrance of his material. He did not believe that man was naturally evil. He believed that man was naturally good but prone to mischief. He did not believe that tinkering with the economy and the environment would ensure the automatic release of universal benignity. He did believe that it might be possible to construct an environment and an economy based purely upon natural law as distinguished in his mind from revelation (his Utopians are pagan) which would inhibit tendencies to social destructiveness and enable tendencies toward social peace, joy, creativity and familial community.

All down the four centuries since he has been without major influence upon effective political and social thinkers except in his own country. We too often forget that British Socialism, as has been made abundantly clear from the memoirs of every British Socialist leader, is based not upon the materialists, Marx and Engels, nor their bureaucratic and formalist French predecessors, but upon Ruskin and William Morris: Christians, artists and men of sensibility, who were morally outraged by the horrors of an acquisitive society. Moscow, Peking, Washington, Paris, Bonn, these, like Jakarta or Conakry, are simply foci of one world "society of rising expectations" and the very term reveals what drives them and that will all drive the human race to disaster unless the nature of these expectations can be changed.

This is the relevance of More's Utopia.

Of course, it would not work. It is only a schematic model constructed long ago in a different economic era, but it correctly diagnoses the ill, and the remedies will only be found by seeking to improve and develop its prescriptions. Will this happen? No. In More's day there were 450 years left. In our day it is most unlikely that there are that many months and quite possibly not that many weeks. So we can solace ourselves with the beauty of More's style, its extraordinarily agile and resonant Latin so much richer than that of his friend Erasmus, if we are scholars, or if we are not, the clarity and sparkle of the modern translation edited by Father Surtz. As Engels and Marx used to say, "Freedom is the consciousness of necessity." At least there is considerable pleasure in knowing what hit you and why.

Although Hexter's book, especially as corrected in the final note for the paperback edition, clears up most of the problems of the scholarship of the Utopia, what is most impressive about it is his personal, deeply perceptive analysis of More's own tragedy: a saintly man destroyed by the delusion of participation.

Kenneth Rexroth, a native of Indiana, became an icon of the San Francisco Beat movement. He was a political anarchist, poet, and gifted translator. Rexroth died in 1982. Many of his writings are available on the excellent Bureau of Public Secrets site.




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