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Christian in Name Only
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What Rates a Headline from the Middle
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How Blood Money Becomes Business Opportunity
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The Fatuous Braintrust: Newt, Rummy and Wolfowitz
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Two Morning Poems, May 2003
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Chaos in Iraq: Just What the US Wanted?
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Ashcroft Justice Comes to Iraq
May
20, 2003
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The Empire Advances
Ahmad
Faruqui
Whither American Nationalism?
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Dialysis with Osama
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Heard
The Cage of Occupation
Cynthia
McKinney
Toward a Just and Peaceful World
Edward
Said
The Arab Condition
Mokhiber
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Why Ari Should Have Resigned in Protest Long Ago
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Yale Men
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The New Face of Al-Qaeda
May
19, 2003
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A Letter to Kofi Annan on Powell's Missing
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CounterPunch
Wire
"Terror" Slut Steve Emerson
Eats Crow
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Blair's Awkward Lies
Matt
Vidal
Corporate Media and the Myth of the Free Market
Michael
S. Ladah
The Fine Print to Bush's Road Map
Robert
Fisk
Bush's Eternal War Backfires
Elaine
Cassel
Clarence Thomas, Still Whining After All These Years
Jonathan
Freedland
Ann Coulter's Appalling Magic
Steve Perry
Play It Again, O-Sam-a
May
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Uri
Avnery
The Children's Teeth
Peter
Linebaugh
An American Tribute to Christopher
Hill
Gary
Leupp
Nepal Today
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The Republican Plot Against the Dixie Chicks
Walter
Sommerfeld
Plundering Baghdad's Museums
Ron Jacobs
Condy Rice's Yipping Tirades
Thomas
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Dubya Does Indy
Tarif Abboushi
Bush, Sharon and the Roadmap
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Boyle
Debating US War Crimes in Iraq
Mark Davis
An Interview with Richard Butler
Richard
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American Mourning
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Ortiz Hill
Overcoming Terrorism
Adam
Engel
Uncle Sam is YOU!
Alan Maas
The Best News Show on TV
Poets'
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Elaine
Cassel
Good Enough for an Alien
Website
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The 37 Americans Who Run Iraq
Song of
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Talkin' Sounds Just Like Joe McCarthy Blues
May
16, 2003
Leah
Wells
In Iraq Water and Oil Do Mix
Ben Tripp
Fear Itself
Sharon
Smith
The Resegregation of US Schools
Ramzy Baroud
Does Defeat Have to be So Humiliating?
Sam
Hamod
A Nation of Fear
Phil Reeves
Baghdad Pays the Price
Robert
McChesney
The FCC's Big Grab
Mark Engler
Those Who Don't Count
Steve
Perry
We're All
Extras in Bush's Movie
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Iraq and Our
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May
15, 2003
Ayesha
Iman and Sindi Medar-Gould
How
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Julie
Hilden
Moussaoui and the Camp X-Ray Detainees:
Can He Get a Fair Trial?
Tanya
Reinhart
Bush's Roadmap: a Ticket to Failure
Laura Carlsen
Here We Go Again: NAFTA Plus or Minus?
Kenneth
Rapoza
The New Fakers: State Dept. Undercuts
New Yorker's Goldberg
Stew Albert
A Story I Will Tell
Steve
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Bush's Little
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Strip-o-Rama
May
14, 2003
Cindy
Corrie
A Mother's Day Talk: the Daughter
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Leopold
The Pentagon and Hallburton: a Secret
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David
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Fighting the Patriot Act: Now It's
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Giggling into Chaos
Jack
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Twin Towers of Journalism: Racism
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Wayne
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Assassinating JFK Again
M.
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The Longer View
Paul
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The New Hydra's Head:
Propagandists and the Selling of the US/Iraq War
James
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What? Me Worry?
Steve Perry
More on Saudi Arabia Bombings
Website
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May
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Saul
Landau
Clear Channel Fogs the Airwaves
Michael
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Has Islam Failed? Not by Western
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Uri
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My Meeting with Arafat
Steve Perry
The Saudi Arabia Bombing
Jacob
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Democracy Comes to Iraq: Kick Their Ass and Grab Their Gas
William
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The Hippo and the Mongoose: a Question of Military Theory
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Fraud at the Times: Blaming Blacks for White Folks' Mistakes
Stew Albert
Asylum
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Sy Hersh: War and Intelligence
May
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Bush, Bin Laden, Bechtel, and Baghdad
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Sam
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Uzi
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Sharon and Sons, Inc.
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May
23, 2003
The Return of
Mad Cow
American Beef
Supply at Risk
By MICHAEL GREGER,
MD
The Canadian Agriculture Minister announced this
week that a cow in Canada has tested positive for bovine spongiform
encephalopathy, better known as mad cow disease. The United States
immediately imposed a ban on Canadian beef and cattle imports,
but the American beef supply may have already been placed at
risk.
Canada has been the number one supplier
of live cattle to the United States.[1] Last year alone we imported
1.7 million head of cattle from Canada.[2] We also imported $2.4
billion worth of beef[3]--that's over a billion pounds of Canadian
beef in the last year alone.[4] According to the National Cattleman's
Beef Association, about 7 percent of beef consumed by Americans
is from Canada.[5] And because of NAFTA, there is no mandatory
country of origin labeling from Canada, so there is currently
no way for American consumers to know for certain if the beef
they are eating came from Canada or not.[6] This is unfortunately
not the first time the United States has imported cattle and
beef products from countries at risk.
The United States General Accounting
Office (GAO) is the investigative watchdog arm of Congress. Last
year, the GAO released their report on the weaknesses present
in the U.S. defense against mad cow disease.[7] They noted that
"the United States has imported about 1,000 cattle; about
23 million pounds of meat by-products; about 100 million pounds
of beef; and about 24 million pounds of prepared beef products
during the past 20 years from countries where BSE was later found."[8]
Furthermore, the report said that if the disease did enter the
country, current safeguards might not be enough to detect it
and keep it from spreading to other cattle or to the human food
supply.[9] The report can be downloaded
here.
The discovery of a case of mad cow disease
in Canada highlights how ineffective current safeguards are in
North America. The explosive spread of mad cow disease in Europe
has been blamed on the cannibalistic practice of feeding slaughterhouse
waste to livestock.[10] Both Canada[11] and the United States[12]
banned the feeding of the muscles and bones of most animals to
cows and sheep back in 1997, but unlike Europe left gaping loopholes
in the law. For example, blood is currently exempted from the
Canadian[13] and the U.S.[14] feed bans. You can still feed calves
cow's blood collected at the slaughterhouse. In modern factory
farming practice calves may be removed from their mothers immediately
after birth, so the calves are fed milk replacer, which is often
supplemented with protein rich cow serum.[15] Weaned calves and
young pigs have cattle blood sprayed directly on their feed to
save money on feed costs.[16] Michael Hansen with the Consumer's
Union reports that cows won't eat feed composed of more than
ten percent blood, evidently because of the taste.[17] Chickens,
on the other hand, reportedly will eat feed composed of up to
thirty-five percent blood.[18]
The reason why the American Red Cross
continues to restrict blood donations from those who lived in
Europe[19] is because of mounting evidence that indeed blood
may be infectious.[20] In fact the mad cow outbreak in Japan
has been tentatively tied to milk replacer.[21] Yet cow blood
is still allowed to be fed to livestock in this country.
And the Canadian[22] and U.S. feed bans[23]
also allows the feeding of pigs and horses to cows. Cattle remains
can be fed to pigs, for example, and then the pig remains can
be fed back to cattle.[24] Or cattle remains can be fed to chickens
and then the chicken litter, or manure, can be legally fed back
to the cows.[25] And the cow diagnosed with mad cow disease in
Canada may have indeed been rendered into chicken and pig feed.[26]
D. Carleton Gajdusek was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work on mad cow-like diseases.[27]
He was quoted on Dateline NBC as saying, "it's got to be
in the pigs as well as the cattle. It's got to be passing through
the chickens."[28] Dr. Paul Brown, medical director for
the US Public Health Service, believes that pigs and poultry
could indeed be harboring mad cow disease and passing it on to
humans, adding that pigs are especially sensitive to the disease.
"It's speculation," he says, "but I am perfectly
serious."[29]
Although the Canadian Food Inspection
Agency admits the infected cow was sent to a rendering plant,
the agency has tried to reassure consumers by describing rendering
as a heat-treatment process used to 'sterilize' the carcass.[30]
Unfortunately, the type of pathogen thought to cause mad cow
disease is not destroyed by the rendering process.
Mad cow disease is thought to caused
not by a virus, fungus or bacteria, but by a prion, or infectious
protein. One reason prions are so concerning is that, unlike
conventional pathogens, prions are not adequately destroyed by
cooking, canning, or freezing.[31,32] Usable doses of UV or ionizing
radiation, stomach acid, and digestive enzymes are all ineffective
in destroying their infectivity.[33, 34] Even heat sterilization,
domestic bleach[35], and formaldehyde sterilization have little
or no effect.[36] One study even raised the disturbing question
of whether even incineration could guarantee inactivation of
prions.[37] National Institutes of Health expert Joseph Gibbs
once remarked tongue-in-cheek to Cornell's Food Science Department
that one of the only ways to ensure one's burger is safe is to
marinate it in a concentrated alkali such as Drain-O.[38] Prions
have been called the smallest,[39] most lethal self-perpetuating
biological entities in the world.[40] Europe has forbidden the
feeding of all slaughterhouse waste to livestock. The United
States and Canada should do the same, according to William Leiss,
President of the prestigious Royal Society of Canada.[41] The
American Feed Industry Association calls such a ban a radical
proposition.[42] The American Meat Institute also disagrees stating,
"[n]o good is accomplished by...prejudicing segments of
society against the meat industry."[43]
U.S. health officials[44] and the Canadian
Agriculture Minister[45]were quick to emphasize that only a single
positive case was found. But Canada has been testing less than
0.01 percent of their cattle population for mad cow disease.[46]
Canada now joins the ranks of other countries like Germany, France,
Belgium and Italy that all confidently pronounced that they,
too, were "free" of mad cow disease, until tests showed
otherwise.[47] Will the United States be next?
The General Accounting Office was right
to fault the USDA for inadequate testing.[48] Last year, the
United States tested a little under 20,000 cattle for mad cow
disease.[49] That's less than Europe tests every day.[50] "This
demonstrates that no cattle-producing country can think it's
safe," Steve Bjerklie of Meat Processing magazine told USA
Today in response to the Canadian discovery. "It really
is a clarion call to the U.S. Department of Agriculture to step
up surveillance in this country."[51] More information about
the inadequacy of mad cow disease surveillance in the United
States can be found at http://www.testcowsnow.com/
No one yet knows the source of the Canadian
outbreak. It remains possible that the cow in question contracted
the disease from local wildlife.[52] Chronic wasting disease
is a prion disease of wildlife affecting deer and elk, and is
endemic within the area where the infected cow was living.[53]
The disease was exported there by the United States
Chronic wasting disease, also called
'mad deer disease,' seems to have started in Colorado, but has
now been found in over a dozen states.[54] Just last year it
crossed the continental divide into Wisconsin where a mass killing
zone has just been set up to eradicate tens of thousands of whitetail
deer in a vain attempt to slow the spread of the disease.[55]
Chronic wasting disease seems unique in that the prions seem
to be spread by casual contact between the deer. One can only
hope that this disease would not be as infectious if it jumped
from deer or elk into cattle (or into human beings for that matter).[56]
Transmission to cows or people has yet to be documented, but
the best available science suggests that it is possible.[57]
It was only last week when the Food and
Drug Administration finally drafted up proposed voluntary guidelines
recommending that deer and elk infected with chronic wasting
disease, or at high risk for the disease, be excluded from animal
feed.[58] This is a measure the World Health Organization and
the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization has been
urging for years.[59]
Thankfully, Canada has a trace-back program
in which all Canadian cattle are tracked throughout their lives.
This should facilitate locating the source of the outbreak. The
United States lacks such a program. U.S. officials argue that
such extensive tracking isn't necessary, because there has never
been a case of mad cow disease detected in the U.S.. As one Alberta
veterinarian responded, "we (Canadians) would have said
that yesterday."[60]
In response to the Canadian crisis, the
Chief Executive Officer of the U.S. National Cattlemen's Beef
Association released a statement urging consumers to "continue
to eat beef in confidence."[61] "First," the news
release explains, "the Canadian case proves that the systems
designed to protect consumers do work. The animal in question
did not enter the food supply." Based on the circumstances,
though, it seems more like random chance that the cow got tested
at all.[62] And had the animal instead entered a U.S. slaughterhouse,
chances that it would have been tested seem even more remote.
The Cattlemen's Association note specifically
that Americans can be confident in the safety of U.S. beef because,
"Animals with any signs of neurological disorder are not
permitted to enter the human food chain and are tested for BSE."[63]
Yet the Canadian cow wasn't necessarily displaying neurological
symptoms. The Alberta Agriculture Minister Shirley McClellan
explained the 14 week testing delay by noting that the cow didn't
appear to have BSE when it was condemned; it was underweight
and thought to have pneumonia.[64] The provincial laboratory
evidently just tested the animal as part of their routine 1 in
10,000 surveillance for mad cow disease.[65]
Fortuitously, though, the cow in Canada
was deemed unfit for human consumption.[66] There's reason to
believe that if the cow had entered a U.S. slaughterhouse, not
only might it not have been tested, it may have ended up on America's
dinner plate. According to an investigation of USDA slaughterhouse
records, almost three quarters of cattle that were even too sick
to stand were passed as fit for human consumption, including
those who appeared sick with pneumonia.[67] The slaughter of
these downed animals for human food is particularly risky now
that mad cow disease has been discovered in North America. The
downed animal investigation can be downloaded
here.
The Cattlemen's Association also feels
consumers can be confident in the safety of American beef because
"The BSE agent is not found in meat. It is found in central
nervous system tissue such as brain and spinal cord."[68]
This can be viewed as irresponsible on two counts. First, American
do eat bovine central nervous system tissue. Quoting from the
General Accounting Office report: "In terms of the public
health risk, consumers do not always know when foods and other
products they use may contain central nervous system tissue...
Many edible products, such as beef stock, beef extract, and beef
flavoring, are frequently made by boiling the skeletal remains
(including the vertebral column) of the carcass..."[69]
According to the consumer advocacy organization Center for Science
in the Public Interest, spinal cord contamination may also be
found in U.S. hot dogs, hamburgers, pizza toppings, and taco
fillings.[70] In fact, a 2002 USDA survey showed that approximately
35 percent of high risk meat products tested positive for CNS
and CNS-associated tissues.[71]
The GAO report continues: "In light
of the experiences in Japan and other countries that were thought
to be BSE free, we believe that it would be prudent for USDA
to consider taking some action to inform consumers when products
may contain central nervous system or other tissue that could
pose a risk if taken from a BSE-infected animal. This effort
would allow American consumers to make more informed choices
about the products they consume."[72] The USDA, however,
did not follow those recommendations, deciding such foods need
not be labeled.[73]
Even if one avoids processed beef products,
though, the possibility of prion contamination remains. While
concentrations of prions may start out in the brain and spinal
cord, they may not stay there. Before being exsanguinated, many
cattle in the U.S. are knocked unconscious with a pneumatic gun,
which uses an explosive burst of air that can blows bits of potentially
highly infectious brain throughout the bodies of animals stunned
for slaughter.[74]
Despite these shortcomings, both the
U.S.[75] and Canadian agriculture secretaries[76] have scrambled
to express their continued affinity for steak, reminiscent of
the 1990 fiasco in which the British agriculture minister appeared
on TV urging his 4-year-old daughter to eat a hamburger.[77]
Four years later, young people in Britain were dying from an
invariably fatal neurogenerative disease called variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob
Disease--the human equivalent of mad cow disease--which they
contracted through the consumption of infected beef.[78]
The General Accounting Office report
concludes: "BSE may be silently incubating somewhere in
the United States. If that is the case, then FDA 's failure to
enforce the feed ban may already have placed U.S. herds and,
in turn, the human food supply at risk. FDA has no clear enforcement
strategy for dealing with firms that do not obey the feed ban...
Moreover, FDA has been using inaccurate, incomplete, and unreliable
data to track and oversee feed ban compliance."[79]
The U.S. and Canada have basically the
same safeguards in place, with the same loopholes and the same
inadequate surveillance. If Canada has mad cow disease, then
it stands to reason that the United States does as well. Either
way, whether from the millions of cattle, or the billions of
pounds of beef we imported from Canada previous to yesterday's
ban, American beef consumers have been placed at risk.
Michael Greger, M.D. is a nationally recognized speaker on a number
of important public health and social justice issues. As Farm
Sanctuary's Chief investigator on mad cow disease, he debated
the National Cattlemen's Beef Association Director before the
FDA and was invited as an expert witness to defend Oprah Winfrey
in the infamous "meat defamation trial." He currently
coordinates the mad
cow disease website for the Organic
Consumers Association.
Dr. Greger is a general practitioner
specializing in vegetarian nutrition. He is author of Heart
Failure: Diary of a Third Year Medical Student and has contributed
to a number of books on veganism and food safety issues. Dr.
Greger is a graduate of the Cornell University School of Agriculture
and the Tufts University School of Medicine.
Notes
[1] The Associated Press 21 May 2003
[2] Ibid.
[3] Financial Times (London) 21 May 2003.
[4] The New York Times 21 May 2003. [
5] The Atlanta Journal and Constitution
21 May 2003.
[6] Ranchers-Cattlemen
Action Legal Fund News Release. United Stockgrowers of America.
21 May 2003.
[7]United States General Accounting Office.
GAO Report to Congressional Requesters. January 2002 MAD
COW DISEASE: Improvements in the Animal Feed Ban and Other Regulatory
Areas Would Strengthen U.S. Prevention Efforts. GAO-02-183.
[8] Ibid.
[9] Ibid.
[10] Kimberlin, R. H. "Human Spongiform
Encephalopathies and BSE." Medical Laboratory Sciences 49
(1992): 216-217.
[11] Canadian
Food Inspection Agency BSE Fact Sheet. May 2003 P0091E-00.
[12] Food and Drug Administration 2000
CFR Title 21, Volume
6, Chapter 1, Part 589.
[13] Canadian Food Inspection Agency,
Regulations: Food for Ruminants, Livestock and Poultry (Part
XIV), "Prohibited Materials"
[14] Food and Drug Administration 2000
CFR Title 21, Volume
6, Chapter 1, Part 589.
[15] International Center for Technology
Assessment. Citizen
Petition Before The United States Food And Drug Administration.
1/9/03.
[16] Ibid.
[17] Kirchheimer, Gabe. Bovine Bioterrorism:
The Perfect Pathogen. In Everything You Know Is Wrong. The Disinformation
Company. 2002.
[18] Ibid.
[19] American
Red Cross Addresses the Human Form of Mad Cow Disease
[20] Journal of General Virology 83(2002):2897-2905.
[21] Japan Today 24 August 2002.
[22] Canadian Food Inspection Agency,
Regulations: Food for Ruminants, Livestock and Poultry (Part
XIV), "Prohibited Materials"
[23] Food and Drug Administration 2000
CFR Title
21, Volume 6, Chapter 1, Part 589.
[24] Public Citizen. Letter
to the FDA and USDA RE: BSE. 21 April 2001.
[25] Food and Drug Administration Sec.
685.100 Recycled Animal Waste (CPG 7126.34)
[26] National Post 21 May 2003.
[27] Unconventional
viruses and the origin and disappearance of kuru. 13 December
1976.
[28] NBC Dateline 14 March 1997.
[29] Pearce, Fred. "BSE May Lurk
in Pigs and Chickens." New Scientist 6 April 1996: 5.
[30] Canadian Food Inspection Agency.
Questions
and Answers. Investigation of BSE case in Alberta.
[31] Taylor, D. M. "Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy." Medical Laboratory Sciences 49 (1992):
334-9.
[32] Lacey, Richard W. and Stephen F.
Dealler. "The BSE Time Bomb?" The Ecologist 21 (1991):
117- 122.
[33] Marsh, R. F., and R. A. Bessen.
"Epidemiologic and Experimental Studies on Transmissible
Mink Encephalopathy." Developments in Biological Standardization
80 (1993): 111-118.
[34] Dealler, S. F. and R. Lacey. "Beef
and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy." Nutrition and Health
7 (1991): 117-129.
[35] Dealler, S. F. and R. Lacey. "Transmissible
Spongiform Encephalopathies." Food Microbiology 7 (1990):
253-279.
[36] Holt, T. A. and J. Phillips "Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy." British Medical Journal 296
(1988): 1581-2.
[37] Brown, Paul, et al. "Resistance
of Scrapie Infectivity to Steam Autoclaving after Formaldehyde
Fixation and Limited Survival after Ashing at 360oC." Journal
of Infectious Diseases 161 (1990): 467-472.
[38] Gibbs, C.J. "BSE and Other
Spongiform Encephalopathies in Humans and Animals: Causative
Agent, Pathogenesis and Transmission." Fall 1994 Food Science
Seminar Series. Department of Food Science. Cornell University,
1 December 1994.
[39] Keeton, William T., et al. Biological
Science New York: Norton, 1993.
[40] Hunter, G. D. Scrapie and Mad Cow
Disease New York: Vantage Press, 1993.
[41] Ottawa Citizen 6 June 2001
[42] Evans, Eddie. "Agency to Ban
Some Feeds to Block Mad-Cow Disease." Reuters World Report
13 May 1996.
[43] "AVMA Casts Doubt on Spread
of BSE Through Sheep Offal." Food Chemical News 28 November
1994: 42-45.
[44] Washington Post 21 May 2003.
[45] Toronto Star 21 May 2003.
[46] The Record (Kitchener-Waterloo)
12 September 2002.
[47] Ibid.
[48] United States General Accounting
Office. GAO Report to Congressional Requesters. January 2002
MAD COW DISEASE:
Improvements in the Animal Feed Ban and Other Regulatory Areas
Would Strengthen U.S. Prevention Efforts. GAO-02-183.
[49] USDA News Release No. 0166.03. Statement
by Agriculture Secretary Ann M. Veneman Regarding Canada's Announcement
of BSE Investigation. May 20, 2003.
[50] European Union. Monthly
reports of Member States on BSE and Scrapie.
[51] USA Today 21 May 2003.
[52] The Washington Post 21 May 2003.
[53] Ibid.
[54] USDA Center for Animal Health Programs.
Chronic
Wasting Disease. 13 May 2003.
[55] Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources. CWD
Management Zone.
[56] Connecticut Post 22 September 2002.
[57] European
Molecular Biology Organization Journal 19(2000):4425-4430.
[58] FDA Talk Paper T03-34. 15 May 2003.
[59] What
Canadians Need to Know About Mad Cow Disease. Canadian Health
Coalition. 13 July 2001.
[60] USA Today 21 May 2003.
[61] National
Cattlemen's Beef Association news release. 21 May 2003. [62]
Canadian Television Network 21 May 2003.
[63] National
Cattlemen's Beef Association news release. 21 May 2003.
[64] Canadian Television Network 21 May
2003.
[65] National Post 21 May 2003.
[66] Ibid.
[67] A
Review of USDA Slaughterhouse Records for Downed Animals
(U.S. District 65 from January, 1999 to June, 2001) Farm Sanctuary,
October 2001.
[68] National
Cattlemen's Beef Association news release. 21 May 2003.
[69] United States General Accounting
Office. GAO Report to Congressional Requesters. January 2002
MAD COW DISEASE:
Improvements in the Animal Feed Ban and Other Regulatory Areas
Would Strengthen U.S. Prevention Efforts. GAO-02-183.
[70] "Health and Consumer Groups
Urge USDA to Keep Cattle Spinal Cord Tissue Out of Processed
Meat" Center for Science in the Public Interest News Release.
10 August 2001.
[71] USDA, Food Safety and Inspection
Service, USDA Begins Sampling Program for Advanced Meat Recovery
Systems, News Release.3 March 2002.
[72] United States General Accounting
Office. GAO Report to Congressional Requesters. January 2002
MAD COW DISEASE:
Improvements in the Animal Feed Ban and Other Regulatory Areas
Would Strengthen U.S. Prevention Efforts. GAO-02-183.
[73] USDA Response To GAO Recommendations
on BSE Prevention. Release No. F.S. 0071.02.
[74] Garland et al. "Brain emboli
in the lungs of cattle after stunning" The Lancet 348(1996):610.
[75] Chicago Tribune 21 May 21 2003.
[76] Toronto Star 21 May 21 2003.
[77] Chicago Tribune 21 May 21 2003.
[78] "Ministers Hostile to Advice
on BSE." New Scientist 30 March 1996: 4.
[79] United States General Accounting
Office. GAO Report to Congressional Requesters. January 2002
MAD COW DISEASE:
Improvements in the Animal Feed Ban and Other Regulatory Areas
Would Strengthen U.S. Prevention Efforts. GAO-02-183.
Today's
Features
Mark
Gaffney
Christian in Name Only
Carl
Estabrook
Republic of Fear
Carl
Camacho, Jr.
Reason for Hope
Ben
Granby
What Rates a Headline from the Middle
East?
Vanessa
Jones
Terror Alerts in Australia
Mickey
Z.
Instant Understanding
Don
Monkerud
Snowballs in a Soggy Economy
Barry Lando
The Nether-Nether World of G.W. Bush
Steve
Perry
Total Information
Awareness: Secret Shadow Program?
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