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Today's
Stories
August 13,
2004
Stan Goff
There
He Goes Again: Kerry's "Energy" Plan
August 12,
2004
Lenni Brenner
Take
It on Faith: Kerry's See-Through-Monk's Robe
Lee Ballinger
The Coors and the Kerrys: Drink Up, Kids!
Tariq Ali
The
Handover Fiction
Yves Engler
What's at Stake in Venezuela
William S.
Lind
Seeing
Through the Other Side's Eyes
Christopher Brauchli
Getting Bush's Goat
Jeffrey St.
Clair
How
Bush Got (and Lost) His Wings
Website of the Day
The Sucker Puncher
August 11,
2004
Ceylon Mooney
Who
Woke Up Sen. Joe?: Watchers of the NJ Turnpike
Voices in the
Wilderness
Hands
Off Najaf
Ray McGovern
Porter
Goss as CIA Director?
Robert Jensen
US
Supports Anti-Democratic Forces in Venezuelan Recall
Annie Higgins
In Memory of Nick Pretzlik: As Good as It Gets
Alexander Cockburn
Bush
v. Kerry: Not Even a Dime's Worth of Difference
Website of the Day
Nick Pretzlik
August 10,
2004
William A.
Cook
Silencing
the Voice of the People
Todd Chretien
California Greens at the Crossroads: Will It Be Nader or Cobb?
Dave Lindorff
Chicago on the Hudson?
Richard Gott
Loathed
by the Rich: Why Chavez is Headed for a Big Win
Toni Solo
Bluebeard's
Castle: Disappearing the Right to Development
Dave Zirin
Carl Eller's Plea
Rep. Ron Paul
Police State, USA
Patrick Cockburn
If the Chalabis Were Corrupt, They Weren't Alone
Website of
the Day
The Surveillance-Industrial Complex
Sex,
Drugs & the Blues!
Serpents in the Garden
CounterPunch's
Sizzling New Book on Culture and Sex is Now Available
Click here to purchase
August 9, 2004
Tito Tricot
Pinochet
Must Still be Tried: a Murderer and a Thief on the Loose
Ron Jacobs
In
Memory of Deep Throat: the Day Nixon Was Gone
Norm Dixon
Crisis in Sudan: Oil Profits Behind West's Tears for Darfur
Kurt Nimmo
The Politics of Entrapment
Elaine Cassel
Welcome to Bush's America
Gary Leupp
Why
Iraqi Christians are Moving to Syria
August 7 /
8, 2004
James Petras
The
Anatomy of "Terror Experts": Meet the Mandarins of
Abu Ghraib
Fred Gardner
Run
Ricky Run: Football, Pot and Pain
Justin Delacour
Anti-Chavez Pollsters Panic: Fix Numbers; Reinvent Venezuela
Brian Cloughley
Persecuted by All; Supported by None: Who Would Be A Kurd?
Joshua Frank
The
Outsider: a Talk with Ralph Nader
Iain A. Boal
On "Shame": Warmed-Over Orientalism and Racist Projection
Chris Floyd
All About Eve: Open Season on Women in DC and Rome
Andrew Fenton
Fighting for Democracy and Justice in Haiti
Aseem Shrivastava
Saga of an Anguished Afghan
Neil Corbett
See Cuba: Sometimes a Cigar is Just a Cigar, Mr. Bush
Carol Miller
/ Forrest Hill
Rigged Convention; Divided Party: How David Cobb Won with Only
12% of the Vote
Tarek Milleron
Breaking the Principled Voter
Donald Macintyre
The
Battle of Najaf
Ron Jacobs
Spirits of The Dead: Why I Love My Petty Bourgeois Tendencies
Mickey Z.
Kid
Gavilan's Grave: Propaganda Scores a TKO
Poets' Basement
Adler, Ford and Albert
August 6, 2004
Joshua Frank
David
Cobb's Soft Charade: the Greens and the Politics of Mendacity
Derek Seidman
An
Interview with Stan Goff
Mike Whitney
The
Arbitrary Imprisonment of Jose Padilla
William S. Lind
Corruption in the Marine Corps
David Price
In
the Shadow of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
August 5, 2004
Mike Ferner
The Kerry Show: When Peace is Off
Message
Bruce Anderson
Two
Rejections
Robert Fisk
The Tale of Saddam's Cameraman
Todd Chretien
Florida
Comes to California: the Democrats' Plot Against Nader
Peter Linebaugh
Doing Time for Political Crime:
Paul and Silas, Bound in Jail
August 4, 2004
Mickey Z.
Two
Traditions: WMD and Disinformation
Justin Huggler
The Hunt for Bin Laden
John Ross
Mexico's
Dirty War Never Ended: Inside Puente Grande Prison
August 3, 2004
Uri Avnery
The
Oligarchs
Ray McGovern
The 9/11 Commission Chimera
Jack McCarthy
Sexual Politics in Jeb's Florida
Eric Ruder
Meet Barak Obama: the Democrats' New Liberal Star
John L. Hess
Crying Wolf: Orange Alert!
Elaine Cassel
Civil Liberties Elections: 1800 v. 2004
Jules Rabin
The Man Who Didn't Walk By
Website of the Day
No Wall
August 2, 2004
Robert Jensen
Kerry's
Hypocrisy on the Vietnam War
Joshua Frank
Greens, Kerry and the Politics of Mendacity
Mike Whitney
The 9/11 Commission and Civil Liberties: "We Need an American
Police State"
Gary Leupp
Beyond
Good and Evil: Some Thoughts on Invasions
July 31 / Aug.
1, 2004
Alexander Cockburn
Kerry:
He's the (Any) One
Merlin Chowkwanyun
Five Questions with Noam Chomsky: "The Savage Extreme of
a Narrow Policy Spectrum"
David Lindorff
The Shame of the DNC
John Chuckman
The
Disturbing Words of John Edwards
Brian Cloughley
All Slam and No Dunk; All Blame and No Responsibility
Christopher Brauchli
"Being Poor is a State of Mind": the Frowning Face
of Compassionate Conservatism
Fred Gardner
A World of Pain
Michael Donnelly
How Big Pharma Bilks the Elderly
David Nally
Genocide in Darfur?
Joshua Frank
Forest Battles Escalate in Oregon
Sam Bahour
Colin Powell and My Grandmother
Diane Farsetta
The IMF and the Indonesian Elections: The Invisible Hand in the
Voting Booth
Harold Gould
Was Iraq a Mutual Charade?
Van Bergen / Stephens
Election 9/11: Surreal Political Theater
Lee Sustar
A New Model for the Labor Movement?
Ron Jacobs
The Lost Art of Hitchhiking
M. Junaid Alam
An Interview with Palestinian-American Rapper, The Iron Sheik
Poets Basement
Albert, Ford, Krieger, St. Clair
Website of
the Weekend
Cross Cultural Poetics
July 30, 2004
Kolhatkar /
Ingalls
Shattering
Illusions: Kerry's Speech Tells Anti-War Activists They're Not
Wanted
Dave Lindorff
Murder
Not So Foul?
Bruce Jackson
Walt Whitman on the Sound of Wolf Blitzer's Voice
Fidel Castro
The
Pathology of George W. Bush
Maximilien Robespierre
Memo to Kerry and Bush: Why They Resist
Saul Landau
Bush
Charges Castro with Sex Tourism; JFK Rolls Over in His Grave
July 29, 2004
Cockburn /
St. Clair
Hail,
the Conquering War Criminal: What Kerry Really Did in Vietnam
Frank Bardacke
What
Michael Moore Left Out of F9/11
Tom Barry
Shallow and Formulaic: Kerry's Latin America Plan
Ron Jacobs
Kerry
and Lennon: Hawking the CounterCulture
Robert Fisk
The Unreported War
Lichtman /
Kellis-Borok
What Kerry Must Do to Win (But Probably Won't)
William S. Lind
The 9/11 Commission Report: Cashing in on Failure
CounterPunch
Wire
Doonesbury Onto John Kerry in 1971!
Website of
the Day
Jabbing JibJab: Copyright Madness
July 28, 2004
Robert Fisk
The
Occupation at 114 Degrees: Baghdad is Swamped in the Smell of
the Dead
Kevin Mink
Kerry's Misperception of Palestine
Ray McGovern
Israel and the Iraq War: How the 9/11 Report Soft-Pedals Root
Causes
United for
Peace & Justice
An
Open Letter to John Kerry: Winter Soldiers and Summer Patriots
Mike Ferner
Vets Demand End to Occupation: "Pull the Troops or Face
Impeachment Mvt."
Imraan Siddiqi
Turning Tricks with Ann Coulter
Alexander Cockburn
Candidate
Kerry
Website of
the Day
Iraq Vets Against the War
July 27, 2004
Alexander Cockburn
Why
the Democrats Deserve Nader
Dave Lindorff
Back to the 19th Century: Globalization's Coming!
Mike Whitney
Control Room: Inside Al Jazeera
Ali, Anderson, Bello, et al.
If We Were Venezuelan, We'd Vote for Chavez
Stefan Wray
Texas Plan to Grab Los Alamos Takes Hold, as DOE Shuts Down Labs
Louis Proyect
Reflections on Nicaragua: First Came the Contra Butchers, Then
the Sweatshops
Rick Giombetti
Faith in Freedom: the Challenge of Thomas Szasz
Bill and Kathleen
Christison
The
9/11 Report and Its Weak-Kneed Consensus: Dogding Israel/Palestine;
Blinkered on Causes of Terrorism
July 26, 2004
Todd Chretien
Green
Resistance: a Reply to Normon Solomon & Medea Benjamin
Robert Fisk
Terror
by Video
Richard Forno
Security
Theater in Boston: Security Expert Harrassed by DHS for Exposing
Flaws at the Fleet Center
Mitchel Cohen
Report from a Boston Demo: Arresting the Curious
Richard Moreno
Rockers
for Justice: an Interview with Tom Morello and Serj Tankian
Alexander Cockburn
Boston
Awaits a Dead Party
July
24 / 25, 2004
Alexander
Cockburn
The Democrats and Their Conventions:
Part One
Dennis
Hans
Those 16 Words Still Smell, Mr. Bush
Patrick
Cockburn
The Struggle for Iraq is Only Beginning
Josh
Frank
The War Path of Unity: Dems Reject
the Peace Movement
Justin
E.H. Smith
Christianity and the Left: the Latin
American Experience
Tariq
Ali
What's at Stake in Venezuela
Fred
Gardner
The Politics of Pot: Year of the
Antagonist
Mark
Scaramella
There's Dope and There's Dope
Ron
Jacobs
The Weather Underground's Prairie
Fire Statement...35 Years On
July
23, 2004
Lee
Sustar
Revolution in Nicaragua: 25 Years
On
Dave
Lindorff
Battle for NYC: Bush 1, Protesters
0
Saul
Landau
Zaniest President in US History: Bush
Beats Reagan
Mike
Whitney
The 9/11 Whitewash: Blaming No
One
Mickey
Z
Get On the Bus: 150 Years After Elizabeth
Jennings
Gary
Leupp
The 9/11 Commission and the Looming
War on Iran
July
22, 2004
M.
Junaid Alam
Ten Ways to Build a Better Democrat
Brian
McKinlay
Rusted On Down Under: Howard, Bush and Sharon
Jason
Leopold
Cheney Lobbied for Easing of Sanctions on Terrorist Regimes While
CEO of Halliburton
Chris
Floyd
Mob Rule: Ripping the Lid Off of America's Pious Myths
Uri
Avnery
Chirac v. Sharon
July
21, 2004
Paula
J. Caplan
The Emotional Casualities of War:
Psychologists Can't Heal All the Damage
Joshua
Frank
Nader Sleeping with the Enemy? Let's
be Fair
Ron
Jacobs
American Exceptionalism
Reza
Ghorashi
The Elections, Iran and al-Qaeda
Amy
Martin
Will Congress Rearm the Guatemalan Generals?
John
Ross
Bush May Lose, But His Wars Will Go
On and On
July
20, 2004
Stan
Cox
The Bush / Kerry War Ticket
Chris
Randolph
An Open Letter to Dr. Ehrenreich: It's Over, Barb!
Forrest
Hylton
The Ghosts of Gonismo: "Popular
Patricipation" and Bolivia's Gas Referendum
Mark
Scaramella
It's Official! Mendocino County is Crazier and Fatter Than the
Rest of California
Sam
Bahour
The World is Knocking on Israel's Door
George
Reiter
A Defense of David Cobb
John
Ross
Burying Iraq, Burying Bush
John
L. Hess
Girlie Stuff: Media Tolerance of Arnold & Co.
Website
of the Day
This Land is Your Land
July
19, 2004
Uri
Avnery
Marie and the Ghosts: the Hoax of
Paris
Col.
Dan Smith
What Has Been Accomplished?
Mike
Whitney
Allawi: Our Puppet with a Pistol
Karyn
Strickler
Just Marriage, Not Gay Marriage
Robert
Fisk
The Crisis of Information in Baghdad
David
Swanson
Media Blackout of US Labor Opposition
to Iraq War
Jennifer
van Bergen
The Death of the Great Writ of Liberty
July
17 / 18, 2004
Gary
Leupp
Apocalypse Now: Why the Book of Revelations
is Must Reading
Ghada
Karmi
Vanishing the Palestinians
Lenni
Brenner
When Cattle Unite, Lions Go Hungry: Notes for Ralph Nader
Ben
Tripp
Man on a Bridge: a Ghost Story
Brandy
Baker
What Would Elizabeth Cady Stanton Make of John Kerry?
M.
Shahid Alam
Israel Builds Another Wall
Sasan
Fayazmanesh
Nuclear Hypocrisy: Israel, Iran and the IAEA
Patrick
Bond
The George Bush of Africa
Fred
Gardner
Politics of Marijuana: Cannabiniod Therapuetics
William
Blum
Bush and Thucydides
Ben
Terrall
Carter and the Indonesia Elections: "I Don't See Anything
Wrong with a General Running the Country"
Tom
Barry
John Lehman on the War Path
David
Vest
Dylan Without the Music
Phyllis
Pollack
Return to Sin City: Keith Richards Does Gram Parsons
Ron
Jacobs
Smearing Muhammad Ali: Bob Feller Strikes Out
Joshua
Frank
Kerry to Edwards: "Let's Lose!"
David
Nally
A Call for Sudan: Our Georgraphical Blindspot
Toni
Solo
Bolivia's Gas Referendum
Landau,
Hassan, Prashad & Lindorff
Three Reviews of Moore's F911
Poets's
Basement
Ford, Smith and Albert
July
16, 2004
Dave
Zirin
Adonal Foyle: Master of the Lefty Lay-Up
Shervan
Sardar
Dershowitz, the ICJ and Jim Crow Laws
Ron
Jacobs
The Lil' Engine That Couldn't: Kucinich Surrenders on Anti-War
Plank
Robert
Fisk
Iraq, According to Edgar Allen Poe:
Coffin Bombs in Baghdad
Greg
Moses
The Forts of Iraq
Mickey
Z.
Ad Infinitum?: Presidential Campaigns in the Age of TV
Dan
Bacher
A Landmark Win for Salmon and the Tribes
Dave
Lindorff
The Mumia Case: Support from NAACP,
But a Movement in Shambles
Paul
McGeough
Did Allawi Shoot Inmates in Cold Blood?
Website
of the Day
10 Reasons to Fire Bush (and 9 Reasons Kerry Won't Be Any Better)
July
15, 2004
Heather
Williams
McMissing
the Point: Supersize Me Crashes on Its Message
Werther
Iraq: Follow the Money
Tom
Crumpacker
The Birds of Guantanamo
Brian
Cloughley
What Does the Bush Regime Object To?
Bill
Christison
Reorganize the CIA? Of Course,
But...
July
14, 2004
Jeffrey
St. Clair
Chronicle of a Nomination Foretold:
the Green Deceivers
Neve
Gordon
Of Socrates and the Apartheid Wall
Diane
Christian
The Priesthood of Death
Stefan
Wray
Who Benefits from Missing Data at Los Alamos Nuclear Lab?
Josh
Frank
The Nader / Dean Debate
Conn
Hallinan
Divide and Conquer as Imperial Rules
Elizabeth
Weill-Greenberg
Bring My Brother Home!: Class, War
and Education
Website
of the Day
Hijacking Catastrophe: 9/11, Fear and the Selling of US Empire
July
13, 2004
Ray
McGovern
The CIA and Iraq: an Intelligence
Debacle...and Worse
Mark
Donham
The Sierra Club's Inexplicable Treatment of Cynthia McKinney
Ben
Tripp
Politus Interruptis: With Friends Like
These, Who Needs Electorates?
Mark
Gaffney
Slipping Towards Armageddon: Israel
in Iraq
Dave
Lindorff
Osama Wins! Election Postponed!
Chris
White
Double Think: the Bedrock of Marine
Indoctrination
July
10 / 12, 2004
Kathleen
Christison
The Problem with Neutrality Between
Palestinians and Israel
Janine
Pommy Vega
Trail of the Comet: a Gathering of the World's Poets Against
War
Sherry
Wolf
From Maverick to Party Attack Dog: Howard Dean Gay-Bashes Nader
Saul
Landau and Farrah Hassen
A Transfer of Power, Sort Of
Michael
Donnelly
How to Steal an Election: the Green Version, 2004
Stanton
/ Madsen
Iraq Survey Group: Rumsfeld's al-Qaeda?
Richard
Lichtman
The End of Innocence: Reflections on American Pathology
Gila
Svirsky
Thank You, Your Honors: a Legal Blow to the Wall
Kurt
Nimmo
Clinton's Life
Toni
Solo
Empire-Speak: What Roger Noriega Really Means
Ron
Jacobs
The Black Panthers and the Rest
Camelo
Ruiz Marrero
Gene Warfare in Oaxaca: Genetic Mutation of Mexican Maize
Omar
Barghouti
Wither the Empire: Rise of a Global Resistance
Poets'
Basement
Curtis and Albert
July
9, 2004
Dave
Zirin
Carlos Delgado on Deck: Blue Jays Slugger
Stands Up Against War
Justin
Delacour
Wishing Kerry Would Shut Up About
Latin America
Robert
Fisk
Iraq in Reverse: Martial Laws Fuel Insurgency
Boris
Kagarlitsky
Two Congresses and a Funeral
William
S. Lind
The October Surprises
Sibel
Edmonds
Our Broken System: John Ashcroft's War on Truth
Ron
Jacobs
Reading Tea Leaves: What Vietnam Tells Us About Iraq's Future
Gary
Leupp
The Lie That Will Not Die: Cheney and
the Iraq/al-Qaeda Link
July
8, 2004
Niranjan
Ramakrishnan
The Inexplicable John McCain
Toufic
Haddad
Protesting Israel's Apartheid Wall:
a Letter from the Hunger Strikers' Tent
Dave
Lindorff
Liberation as Martial Law
Joshua
Frank
The Fall: How Beltway Dems Sank Howard
Dean
Christopher
Brauchli
Bush & Cheney Play the Hitler Card
James
Petras
The Truth About Jimmy Carter
July
7, 2004
John
Chuckman
Kerry's BBQ: a Deafening Silence
of Meaning
Virginia
Tilley
A Line in the Sand: Azmi Bishara's
Hunger Strike
Susan
Martinez
A Letter to Bill Cosby
Mickey
Z
Elie Wiesel's Strange Parade
Michael
Donnelly
Our Own Private Wilderness: Trusting the Land in the Inland Empire
Sean
Donahue
Boston Social Forum: the Dems aren't the Only Show in Beantown
Diane
Christian
Sovereignty and Freedom in Iraq
July
6, 2004
Lisa
Viscidi
Fleeing Guatemala: Central Americans
Risk Lives to Reach El Norte
Marc
Norton
The Felonious Five Ride Again: the
Supreme Court and Enemy Combatants
James
Brooks
Chemical Warfare on the West Bank?
Ray
McGovern
Porter Goss as CIA Director?
William
Cook
Legacy of Deceit: If Dante Knew of Bush and the Neo-Cons...
July
5, 2004
Forrest
Hylton
US Imperialism in Latin America: Sept.
11, July 4 and Systematic Torture
Chris
White
A Former Marine Sgt. on the Meaning
of Independence Day
Joe
Bageant
Cranky Reflections on the 4th of July
Robert
Jensen
Stupid White Movie: What Michael Moore
Misses About the Empire
Kathy
Kelly
"Two Days an' a Wake-Up"
July
3 / 4, 2004
Elaine
Cassel
Bush's Police State and Independence
Day
Stan
Goff
ABC of Opportunism: "Progressive"
Latin American Leaders Support the Coup in Haiti
Snehal
Shingavi
"We Want Real Justice for Bhopal": Two Survivors Speak
Out
Bruce
Anderson
The Cheney-Leahy Metaphor and the Greens
Sharon
Smith
Twilight of the Greens: the Chokehold of "Anybody But Bush"
Josh
Frank
Ralph Nader's Revolt: an Interview with Greg Bates
Robert
Fisk
Pentagon Tried to Censor Saddam's Hearing
Joe
Bageant
Sons of a Laboring God: Leftnecks Unite!
Brian
Cloughley
Fortress Bush and the One Law Doctrine
Justin
Delacour
The Anti-Chavez Echo Chamber: Venezuela's Media Tycoons
William
S. Lind
Saudi Spillover
Linda
S. Heard
A Joke Called "Justice"
Greg
Moses
"It's Illegal, But It's Our Right": Korean Labor Won't
Back Down
Ron
Jacobs
"Ain't You Proud to be White on Independence Day?"
Toni
Solo
Weary of Indigenous Resistances? Just Pretend They're Not There
Dan
Nagengast
Chicken Manure as Cattle Food: Safe, But Do We Want to Eat It?
Stew
Albert
Brando, a Personal Recollection
Dave
Zirin
From the Black Panthers to Sacheen Littlefeather: a Eulogy for
Our Brando
Patrick
W. Gavin
The Progressive Case for Dodgeball
Steven
Rosenthal / Junaid Ahmad
The Problem is Bigger Than the Bushes: a Review of F911
Poets'
Basement
Kearney, Ford and Davies
Website
of the Day
Global Peace Solution
July
2, 2004
Jeffrey
St. Clair
Suicide Right on the Stage: the Demise
of the Green Party
Douglas
Valentine
Fahrenheit 911: Mocking the Moral Crisis of Capitalism
Gary
Leupp
"Just Because I Could": On Obscenities and Opportunities
Lee
Ballinger
Illegal People: Kerry Opposes Immigrant Rights
Robert
Fisk
Saddam in the Dock: Confused? Hardly
CounterPunch
Wire
"What Law Formed This Court?": a Transcript of Saddam's
Arraignment
Christopher
Brauchli
Bush's Drug Card Lottery: the Price Ain't Right
Saul
Landau
Buzz Words and Venezuela
July 1, 2004
Katherine
van Wormer
Bush's Damaged Mind: the Madness in
His Method
Joe
Bageant
Is Our President a Whackjob? Does It Matter?
William
James Martin
The Dogma of Richard Perle
Dave
Lindorff
Bush's Evacuation Moment
Robert
Fisk
Bread and Circus Trials in Iraq
Alan
Maass
Green Party in Reverse
Website
of the Day
Michael Moore and Israel: Blind or a Coward?
June
30, 2004
Kurt Nimmo
Nicholson
Baker's Checkpoint: a New Kind of Anger About Bush
Tariq
Ali
Getting Away with Murder in Iraq
Jennifer
Van Bergen
Bush and the Detainees
Douglas
Valentine
Apotheosis of the Psychopaths: Instead of Fahrenheit 9/11, Rescreen
The Quiet American
David
Price
Fahrenheit 9/11 Through the McCain-Feingold Looking Glass
Roger
Normand
America's Criminal Occupation of Iraq
Stan
Cox
Sanitized for Your Protection: Ashcroft's
War on Art
Henry
David Thoreau
On the Futility of Bush v. Kerry: All Voting is a Kind of Gaming
Ben
Tripp
Who Dast Call Him Liar: a Rebuttal to Nicholas Kristof
Hot Stories
Alexander Cockburn
Behold,
the Head of a Neo-Con!
Subcomandante
Marcos
The
Death Train of the WTO
Norman Finkelstein
Hitchens
as Model Apostate
Steve Niva
Israel's
Assassination Policy: the Trigger for Suicide Bombings?
Dardagan,
Slobodo and Williams
CounterPunch Exclusive:
20,000 Wounded Iraqi Civilians
Steve
J.B.
Prison Bitch
Sheldon
Rampton and John Stauber
True Lies: the Use of Propaganda
in the Iraq War
Wendell
Berry
Small Destructions Add Up
CounterPunch
Wire
WMD: Who Said What When
Cindy
Corrie
A Mother's Day Talk: the Daughter
I Can't Hear From
Gore Vidal
The
Erosion of the American Dream
Francis Boyle
Impeach
Bush: A Draft Resolution
Click
Here for More Stories.
|
August
13, 2004
John,
John, John...There You Go Again
Kerry's
"Energy Plan"
By
STAN GOFF
"Imperialism is the political
expression of the accumulation of capital in its competitive
struggle for what remains still open of the non-capitalist environment"
-Rosa Luxemburg, "The
accumulation of capital," 1913
"Sen. Maria Cantwell of
Washington told delegates to the Democratic National Convention
on Wednesday that John Kerry would help America reduce its dependence
on foreign oil if he is elected president. The Democratic senator
was tapped to give a brief speech on Kerry's energy policy.
Cantwell is a member of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources
Committee... Cantwell touted Kerry's support for alternative
fuels such as wind energy, which she said will help the United
States wean itself off foreign oil. She said the development
of alternative fuels also could help create jobs... She compared
Kerry's commitment to alternative fuel technology to President
Kennedy's efforts to land a man on the moon... 'This Massachusetts
senator is going to lead our generation of Americans to energy
independence,' she said."
-Erin Kelly, Gannett News Service,
August 12, 2004
John Kerry smells environmental blood
these days. The Republican's eager biospheric vandalism would
alarm even the most phlegmatic observer, and this is a perfect
seg for the Kerry strategy--proving he is not George W. Bush.
While the Republicans leverage our fears of the menacing Dark
Other, the Democrats leverage our fear of Republicans. Now Kerry
has engaged the Battle of the Bonesmen with a new ally--the
eco-capitalists. He has become the proponent of tax subsidies
to energy snake-oil salesmen and has eagerly joined the think-tank
neocons in ritualized public Saudi-bashing as part of the "energy
independence" delusion.
I'm going to repeat a theme
here that doesn't get much play elsewhere--Counterpunch's value
is that we can speak plainly here and don't have to pretend
we support capitalism here in order to legitimate ourselves--that
our "energy problem" cannot be solved by capitalism.
The sooner those of us who want to preserve some semblance of
a viable  biosphere for future generations
understand this, the better. Our environmental and energy crises
are caused by capitalism. That's not original, but it is controversial.
John Kerry, just as much as
George W. Bush, is as full of shit as a Christmas turkey on
energy. Still, well-meaning environmentalists will flock to
the polls this year to elect this charlatan... because we are
afraid. And because we haven't looked closely at capitalism,
which is an expansionary system at its very core, and which--in
my considered opinion--must be taken apart root and branch,
or the planet upon which we all depend will be converted, as
it is being converted right now, into a microtoxified industrial
trash heap... under the John Kerries every bit as much as under
the George W. Bushes.
I'm not a scientist, but I
can read and search the internet, as anyone reading this can.
Figuring out this energy business is certainly harder than studying
for an undergraduate mid-term, but it's not something that requires
years of disciplined study. A little curiosity and patience
will yeild a wealth of information about 'energy,' and can
quickly disabuse us of the eco-capitalist swindle. Here is my
own admittedly didactic account of what I have discovered.
The Warning
Shot
"Energy... is certainly
linked to, or behind almost any international event, crisis.
war, military adventure or environmental catastrophe that we
are forced to witness almost any day," points out Andrew
McKillop, a founding member of the International Association
of Energy Economists, "and which are due either solely
or mainly to our urban industrial civilization and fossil energy
habit...Attack of New York's Twin Towers can best be thought
of as a warning shot. Three airplanes crashed into three nuclear
power plants will produce three Chernobyl catastrophes--this
true catastrophe being deliberately downplayed, even lied about
by such UN agencies as the World Health Organization until 2002
nearly 16 years after the event, because nuclear power, absurdly,
is still 'believed in' as a solution to expensive oil and gas.
As with so many of the myths of the neoliberal age, the myth
of nuclear energy being 'cheap', and oil and gas being 'expensive'
is the complete opposite of reality."
McKillop puts his finger on
the fact not only that nuclear is expensive and dangerous, but
that the question of energy itself is so basic, so all pervasive,
so universal, so widely misunderstood, so misrepresented by
capitalists and their professional publicists, and so profound
in its implications if we are to be at all serious about it,
that we have to rely on independent macro-analysis of energy
to put the issue in some kind of context.
The Centrality
of Energy as a Geophysical, Economic, Social, and Political
Issue
"Energy has always been
the basis of cultural complexity and it always will be. The
past clarifies potential paths to the future. One often-discussed
path is cultural and economic simplicity and lower energy costs.
This could come about through the "crash" that many
fear -- a genuine collapse over a period of one or two generations,
with much violence, starvation, and loss of population. The
alternative is the "soft landing" that many people
hope for--a voluntary change to solar energy and green fuels,
energy-conserving technologies, and less overall consumption.
This is a utopian alternative that, as suggested above, will
come about only if severe, prolonged hardship in industrial
nations makes it attractive, and if economic growth and consumerism
can be removed from the realm of ideology."
- Joseph A. Tainter
The failure to grasp the full
significance of energy is based largely on our understanding
of it as a seemingly endless commodity. I turn the ignition
key, and the car starts. I flip the switch, and the lights come
one. But we cannot understand the significance of energy, or
how our consumption of it is irrevocably changing the entire
biosphere, without understanding energy in a more basic and
essential way.
Energy is the force that drives
all change, that which is bound with matter and keeps it in
motion. The energy used by life on earth originated almost entirely
from the sun, whereupon it was chemically bound up and concentrated
by organic matter. The biosphere evolved as an ever more complex
architecture of consolidated energy, first as simple life forms
that gained energy directly from the sun, then as autotrophs
that converted sunlight into metabolic fuel, and later as heterotrophs
that consume autotrophs for the energy concentrated within them.
The net energy available for "use" within the biosphere
was increased over billions of years through super-fecundity,
punctuated equilibrium, evolutionary complexity, and niche maximization.
Until the appearance of human beings, however, all life forms
in the biosphere exploited energy internally, that is, within
each life form's own body--endosomatically. Only with the appearance
of homo sapiens was the biosphere introduced to intentional,
systematic, extra-somatic, or outside-the-body, exploitation
of biomass concentrated energy, first through the use of fire,
then through the domestication of animals, and finally through
the burning of organic material that was hundreds of millions
of years in the making--fossil fuels.
"Life on Earth is driven
by energy. Autotrophs take it from solar radiation and heterotrophs
take it from autotrophs. Energy captured slowly by photosynthesis
is stored up, and as denser reservoirs of energy have come into
being over the course of Earth's history, heterotrophs that
could use more energy evolved to exploit them, Homo sapiens
is such a heterotroph; indeed, the ability to use energy extrasomatically
(outside the body) enables human beings to use far more energy
than any other heterotroph that has ever evolved. The control
of fire and the exploitation of fossil fuels have made it possible
for Homo sapiens to release, in a short time, vast amounts of
energy that accumulated long before the species appeared."
-David Price
The specific social forms--most
recently global, industrial, and expansionary (profit/growth-based)--of
this extrasomatic energy exploitation has set in motion an
increasingly grave situation that is multidimensional and self-accelerating.
It has transformed the face of the planet, expanded the human
population and decanted it mostly into cities that are becoming
seas of unemployment, created the most dramatic species extinction
in the earth's history, begun the rapid carbonization of the
earth's atmosphere, and plunged the human species into cycles
of increasing economic polarization and war. It has also put
the developed nations --most particularly the United States,
where the whole society has been physically and socially designed
around the private automobile--on a runaway train aimed at a
thermodynamic cliff that less than 30 years away.
"Anyone who believes exponential
growth can go on forever in a finite world is either a madman
or an economist."
-Kenneth Boulding
Energy is a material basis
of ALL development, without exception. Any real account of our
circumstance must be based significantly on an account of where
energy is originated, how it is changed into useful forms, and
how society is organized to use that energy. If not, we will
be deluded into thinking that "progress" will continue
in the present economic, social, and political paradigm. It
will not. It is empirically provable that we cannot sustain
our current energy use or the social organization that shapes
that energy use.
My premise: This is not a moral
valuation, but a scientific one. The current system will end,
as a mathematical certainty, and the choice before society is
not whether it will end, but how.
If this premise is valid, any
useful course of action must be established directly on the
assumptions that (1) there is an existing energy crisis and
(2) this crisis can only be addressed within the context of
systemic social change that pays direct attention to energy
use and development.
"Developing and commercializing
carbon-free power technologies by the mid-21st century could
require efforts, perhaps international, pursued with the urgency
of the Manhattan Project or the Apollo space program,"
says Martin Hoffert, a physicist at New York University, during
a forum on global warming.
Implicit in that is political
will, and implicit in political will is a profound shift in
political power. Society cannot leap over or end-run these preconditions.
As McKillop pointed out, energy
impacts on the totality of social relations, centralizing the
issue of energy for alliance and coalition building has tremendous
potential for harnessing a broad and diverse array of forces
to effect that shift. But these forces, if they are to have
any effect beyond merely adding new layers of commentary, cannot
include the vested interests that currently thrive completely
within the context of the existing profit/growth regime. Bureaucratic
and profit-driven organizations are driven by the imperatives
that define them-- self-perpetuation and the expansion of monetary
value.
It must be a movement that
fully recognizes the inextricability of energy use and social
relations, and therefore it must consist of people who are committed
to fundamental social transformation. It must be an insurgent
movement that jealously guards its independence from and maintains
a fundamentally adversarial relationship to the current dominant
interests and institutions of that very system, because its
inexorable goal is the obliteration of that paradigm.
Not the fucking Democratic
Party, and not high-dollar NGOs like the Sierra Club!
The Political
Economy of Energy
The beginning of the fossil
fuel age was not simply a technological shift. It was a specific
outcome of a specific set of historical circumstances. We cannot
understand why global society is what it is now, without understanding
its evolution. Late historian Mark Jones of Great Britain described
the advent of human hydrocarbon dependency and the population
explosion that accompanied it:
"Industrial capitalism
was surely a response to a crisis of relative over-population
which emerged in Europe and elsewhere by the end of the 17th
century. But did industrial capitalism achieve a new (growth
based) equilibrium, or was this solution no solution at all
since it has done no more than bring about a huge new increase
of population on a still more unsustainable basis?
"The population of Europe
doubled from 100 million in 1650 to 200 million by 1800. And
the rate of increase constantly accelerated. By 1789 Paris had
more than 600,000 inhabitants, of whom at least 100,000 were
vagrants: the foot soldiers of the French Revolution. London's
population grew from 575,000 in 1750 to almost a million by
1801, 'including a mass of the bustling street-hawkers, pickpockets,
urchins, and felons so well captured in contemporary prints.'
[Paul Kennedy]
"The burgeoning population
huddled into the cities from the countryside and inhabited 'sprawling
slums of jerry-built houses, lacking water, light, heat, and
sanitation... in the new manufacturing towns hordes of children
lacked adequate health care, nutrition and education; gangs
of unemployed agrarian workers attacked the new farming machines
that had thrown them out of work; social protest was common,
especially in years when poor harvests drove up the price of
bread.
"By 1750 European economies
were increasingly gridlocked, and hunger was common, especially
in France. The agrarian revolution impacted the environment
in destructive ways. Enclosing of commons destroyed the last
great British forests, which had been under intensive pressure
as competitive uses for timber proliferated.
"The most dangerous bottleneck
faced by the British economy was the complete collapse of the
iron industry as supplies of wood for charcoal dried up. By
1700 Britain was importing iron wrought and pig-iron from Sweden,
Spain and even the Urals.
"That this trade was profitable
evidences the desperate straits the English iron industry was
in. The iron famine affected the entire English economy and
imperiled its defence. This was the background to British activity
in India and the Far East.
"There were many attempts
to solve the problem of smelting iron with substitutes, the
most obvious being coke made from coal. These attempts did not
succeed in solving the iron shortage until almost the end of
the 18th century.
"When the solutions came
they synergistically combined to provide the platform for industrial
take-off. But there surely can no longer be any doubt that take-off
happened largely because of fortuitous accident (available coal,
but in waterlogged deep mines requiring the development of pumps
and then steam engines)."
Jones elaborates in a separate
essay:
"The Industrial Revolution
began in England when a set of technologies fortuitously converged
to overcome a shortage of energy and raw materials (principally
iron and steel). The shortage emerged at the end of an extremely
rapid cycle of proto-industrial development during the 17th
and 18th centuries.
"The technologies of steam
power and of iron-manufacture utilising coal instead of wood-
charcoal, had interdependent origins. The first railways and
steam engines were developed in coal-mining districts to answer
specific problems of deep shaft working, where coal had to be
transported considerable distances and flooded mines had to
be pumped dry
"Once the technologies
emerged they swiftly became generalised, first to the iron and
steel industries, then to textiles, machine building, transport,
agriculture and arms manufacture
"The era of fossil fuel-based
industry was launched and led to very rapid population increases,
which consolidated the new system's dependence on its material
and energy basis, which emerged in this fortuitous way at the
beginning of the 19th century.
"World [hydrocarbon] capitalism
has enjoyed two centuries of sustained development since 1800.
However the gigantic growth in social productivity, resource-use
and population, the creation of a vast new built environment
and the subordination of natural processes and resource-systems,
has never enabled capitalism to shake free of its initial path-dependence.
On the contrary, capitalism today is more critically dependent
on fossil fuels and the use of non- renewable resources than
at any time in the past, and the absolute level of resource-extraction
and energy use continues to grow."
Even as those finite resources
are depleted. Consider the implications.
With human beings, the biological
and social cannot be separated except as analytical categories.
In reality, biological and social phenomena are in interfused
with one another.
There is a debate going on
between one camp that says we are expanding beyond the earth's
carrying capacity and another that says the problem is not biological
but social. Each camp has occupied one pole in the same false
dichotomy, based on the confusion between analytical categories
and material complexity, and therefore the tendency to pose
them against each other as opposites, which they are not.
The "carrying capacity"
camp has made the error of accepting genetic predestination
as the cause of this population expansion, and failed to grasp
the social-historical character of all human relations. But
they are right that the earth has a carrying capacity. The "social"
camp has made the error of denying the physical reality of carrying
capacity, but they are right that human economic activity is
not genetically, but socially, determined.
"It must be of relevance...
that the United States' share of world energy consumption is
25%, while 20% of the world's people do not have access to enough
energy to successfully maintain their own body metabolism. This
obviously also has an environmental dimension. The richest 20%
of the world's population consume 86% of the aluminum, 81% of
the paper, 80% of the iron, and 76% of the lumber. Per capita
carbon dioxide emissions in 1990 were around five tons in the
United States but only 0.1 tons in India. (Remarkably, however,
many people in the industrialized [global] North continue to
believe that it is their mission to educate people in the [global]
South on how to live and produce sustainably, as if the North
was setting a good example, and as if environmental problems
in the South were the result of ignorance rather than impoverishment.)"
-Alf Hornborg
We don't simply maximize our
niche as other species do, we actually build new niches, and
exactly HOW those habitats are built is largely determined by
the interfusion of geography, technology, and socio-economic
and political organization. Moreover, the habitats themselves
then restructure human social relations and human consciousness.
Roadside stands in Haiti, for example, cannot be replaced by
strip malls because most people do not have automobiles, nor
do they have the money to buy expensive consumer goods. In
the US, on the other hand, most people would be incapable of
obtaining food or a job to get the money to buy it without
an automobile to get to the vast, refrigerated, central-heat-and-air,
super-lighted energy sinks that are strip malls and supermarkets.
Our niche has been over-maximized,
however, based directly on energy use, but under the imperatives
of a competitive system that is fundamentally based on expansion.
Whether that imperative is direct, as in the capitalist imperative
to expand or be consumed by competitors, or indirect as in
socialist projects that were driven by geopolitical and military
competition (paradoxically forcing socialist systems to compete
within a capitalist world system), the whole system has been
based on something called "growth." With this economic
expansion is population expansion. Marx even called it the Law
of Population. Population expansion within growth economics
has not merely been an arithmetical phenomenon, but one that
is qualitative--characterized importantly by mechanized agriculture
that has pushed populations off the land and progressively urbanized
larger and larger fractions of the world's gross population.
Fossil fuel has permitted us to build huge cities in climates
that bordered on hostile to human habitation, whether that
involves the air conditioning required in Riyadh or the heating
required in Helsinki.
By 3000 BC, the earth's human
population was roughly 50 million. Exploitation of biomass and
animal power doubled that population by 1000 BC. Metallurgy
and agricultural innovation set off a population breakout around
then, and the population jumped almost to 300 million by 1 AD.
Population growth stabilized for the next 1500 years, where
proto-industrialization and crop rotation created an uptick
from 1500 until around 1850 that brought the world within reach
of the 1 billion mark. Plotted on a graph, this whole process
up until 1850 looks like a gently rising, slightly bumpy slope.
From 1850, however, with the introduction of widespread use
of fossil fuel, until the present, one cannot extend the same
graph on any standard sheet of paper, because the spike from
under 1 billion to over 6 billion happens in so short a time,
just over 100 years. This sends the graph line shooting steeply
up from the end of the 19th Century, then straight into the
air like a Titan missile.
The fossil fuel that underwrites
this growth, we must remember, took hundreds of millions of
years to form as biomass (like the green algae that turned into
oil). In fact, the predominant form of that fossil energy, oil,
is a good marker to see into our energy future. We have used
approximately half of all the extractible oil in the earth.
This is a situation described
empirically by Dr. Richard Duncan in his 1996 paper, The Olduvai
Theory: Sliding Towards a Post-Industrial Stone Age, as the
"transient-pulse theory of Industrial Civilization"
wherein dramatically growing population increasingly dependent
on higher and higher inputs of fossil fuel sets a trendline
of higher demand even as the actual fuel goes into permanent
decline. Measuring "civilization" by per capita energy
consumption chronologically, Duncan observes that--with world
oil production peaking approximately right now (2002-2010)--per
capita consumption has been in decline since around 1980, and
will continue to decline into perpetuity. This is more than
some historical cycle, explains Duncan, "the endless rise
and fall of civilizations. [This is] about something quite different,
more profound, more pervasive. Global industrial civilization
has no cycles at all. It is a 'one shot affair.' Exponential
growth, exponential decline. That's it."
This is, of course, a very
important starting point. It starkly tells us what will happen
if we continue on the same course--that by 2030 or thereabouts
we are likely to have returned to the per capita energy consumption
of 1930, en route to harder, darker, colder, and hungrier times
still.
But it isn't the whole story.
Beyond Empiricism:
Energy and Social Systems
Empiricism: the philosophical
theory which attributes the origin of all our knowledge to experience.
"Modern empiricism has
been conditioned in large part by two dogmas. One is a belief
in some fundamental cleavage between truths which are analytic,
or grounded in meanings independently of matters of fact and
truths which are synthetic, or grounded in fact. The other dogma
is reductionism: the belief that each meaningful statement is
equivalent to some logical construct upon terms which refer
to immediate experience."
- Willard Van Orman Quine
Mark Jones' recounting of the
dawn of hydrocarbon industrialism reminds us that the world
is a complex, geographically and socially diverse place, and
that human "development" is driven not by some genetic
program, but by a combination of dynamic historical forces that
include necessity, conflict, conscious decision-making, and
not infrequently the unintended consequences of ill-informed
decisions.
The United States is now involved
in war, intended to extend its control over the most oil-rich
region in the world, but that war this very day is a wretched
military and political quagmire. Only the most stubbornly self-delusional
elements in society still believe that oil had nothing to do
with the US decision to invade Iraq. That is why it is important
to see not only the empirical analysis of energy, but to understand
the social and political relations of energy. The energy crisis
is manifesting itself socially and politically.
Empirical information arrived
at through a process of direct observation and quantification
is essential to the whole scientific method. But failure to
account for reality beyond that which is empirically observable,
that is, failing to account for not merely data, but the relationships
and interactions of people and the environment in the real
world, is the error of empiricism.
This dredges up some long standing
controversies, but it is absolutely necessary to engage that
controversy here and take sides. In our case, a couple of great
debates come to mind; that between Thomas Malthus and Karl Marx
and that between fellow Darwinists Richard Dawkins and Stephen
Jay Gould.
Richard Duncan, quoted above
and cited on his "Olduvai Theory", might be called
a neo-malthusian. Neo-malthusian reliance on broad numerical
averages supports a case that this impending disconnect between
energy availability and population is a "population problem."
Beneath the argument that population is the central problem
is the notion, as Duncan says, that "Long ago, nature dealt
us a bad hand-- we're sexually prolific, tribal, short-term and
self-centered. And after thousands of years of trying, Culture
hasn't changed that." In other words, it's in the genes.
"Human nature" is responsible, and it is unalterable.
Professor Martha Gimenez of
the University of Colorado describes Malthus' view in her 1973
paper, "The Population Issue: Marx vs. Malthus":
"Malthus' argument rests
upon two propositions; unchecked population increases in a geometrical
ration while subsistence increases in an arithmetical ratio.
The two propositions together constitute the famous principle
of population which, according to Malthus, is "... one
of the causes that have hitherto impeded the progress of mankind
towards happiness" (Malthus, 1933:5). This cause is "intimately
united with the very nature of man ... (it) is the constant
tendency in all animated life to increase beyond the nourishment
prepared for it" (Malthus, 1933:5); "...its natural
and necessary effects (are) ... a very considerable portion
of that vice and misery, and of that unequal distribution of
the bounties of nature which it has been the unceasing object
of the enlightened philanthropists in all ages to correct"
(Malthus, 1933:5).
"Malthus bases his principle
of population on a natural law; the tendency of all animated
life to increase beyond the means available for its subsistence.
The natural law of population growth is checked by another natural
law; the law of necessity which restrains that growth within
certain boundaries and keeps it down to the level of the means
of subsistence. Within the human species the natural law of
necessity operates through various checks which fall under
two main categories: a) preventive checks which control fertility
(i.e., moral restraint or marriage postponement, and vice).
b) positive checks which increase mortality or the probability
of dying (i.e., "unwholesome occupations, ... poverty ...great
towns and excesses of all kinds, the whole train of common diseases
and epidemics, war, plague and famine:) (Malthus, 1933:14).
"The constant operation
of the principle of population brings about the operation of
the law of necessity. The outcome is "much of that poverty
and misery observable among the lower classes of people in every
nation, and those reiterated failures in the efforts of the
higher classes to relieve them" (Malthus, 1933:1).
"Malthus also brings support
to his theory in the law of diminishing returns the implication
of which is that food production is bound to lag behind population
growth. This law provides him with the most general theoretical
basis for his principle of population and constitutes the basic
argument with which Neo-Malthusian thought addresses itself
to population problems today. Thus, according to contemporary
thought about this matter, not only food production but every
natural resource is bound to lag behind population growth."
Gimenez then describes Marx's
rebuttal of Malthus:
"At the most general theoretical
level Marx and Engels see in Malthus' principle of population
another instance of the way... economists reify social relations...
to reify means to change concrete historical social relations
and processes into universal categories or eternal natural laws.
"Malthus begins with the
results of the process of capitalist development before him;
i.e., widespread poverty, hunger, unemployment, etc. and, disregarding
the concrete social relations of exploitation and competition
which had produced that hungry and unemployed population, he
views it as the outcome of the operation of inexorable natural
laws... Poverty, unwholesome working conditions, hunger, disease,
unemployment, etc. are depicted as the product of the natural
law of necessity which in that way checks the functioning of
another natural law; the tendency of all animated life to reproduce
itself beyond the means of subsistence."
The crux of this great controversy,
of course, is whether "human nature" is genetically
determined, or whether that "nature" is influenced
by society and its relations. It has long been the tendency
of those at the top of any social hierarchy to prefer narratives
that make that social order either divinely ordained or a product
of natural law.
This is an epistemological
controversy first, and only later a political one.
"Epistemology is the branch
of philosophy that studies knowledge. It attempts to answer
the basic question: what distinguishes true (adequate) knowledge
from false (inadequate) knowledge? Practically, this question
translates into issues of scientific methodology: how can one
develop theories or models that are better than competing theories?
It also forms one of the pillars of the new sciences of cognition,
which developed from the information processing approach to
psychology, and from artificial intelligence, as an attempt
to develop computer programs that mimic a human's capacity to
use knowledge in an intelligent way.
"When we look at the history
of epistemology, we can discern a clear trend, in spite of the
confusion of many seemingly contradictory positions. The first
theories of knowledge stressed its absolute, permanent character,
whereas the later theories put the emphasis on its relativity
or situation-dependence, its continuous development or evolution,
and its active interference with the world and its subjects
and objects. The whole trend moves from a static, passive view
of knowledge towards a more and more adaptive and active one."
-Principia Cybernetica
Stephen Jay Gould, the pre-eminent
biologist who died recently, actually expanded the point of
view of dynamic "environmental" influence into the
study of evolution, and engaged a decades-long debate with biologist
Richard Dawkins, who identified something called the "selfish
gene" as the singular motive force in evolution. This controversy
spilled over into social debates, with empiricist Dawkins cited
by defenders of "The Bell Curve," a book that claimed
to demonstrate racial superiority, and Gould's rebuttal in
his own book, "The Mismeasure of Man," now heavily
quoted by opponents of high-stakes standardized testing.< |